Kahey v. Jones

• Decision Date: 04 February 1988
• Docket Number: No. 87-3458,87-3458
• Citation: 836 F.2d 948
• Parties: Sherral X. KAHEY, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Johnnie JONES, Warden, Louisiana Correctional Institute for Women, et al., Defendants-Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit

Page 948

836 F.2d 948

Sherral X. KAHEY, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Johnnie JONES, Warden, Louisiana Correctional Institute for Women, et al., Defendants-Appellees.

No. 87-3458

Summary Calendar.

United States Court of Appeals,

Fifth Circuit.

Feb. 4, 1988.

Sherral X. Kahey, pro se.

Debra A. Rutledge, J. Marvin Montgomery, Atty. Gen., Baton Rouge, La., for defendants-appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Louisiana.

Before GEE, RUBIN, and JONES, Circuit Judges.

EDITH H. JONES, Circuit Judge:

Appellant Kahey, an inmate at the Louisiana Correctional Institute for Women ("LCIW"), appeals from the magistrate's grant of summary judgment denying her demand to have the prison prepare, not just a non-pork diet, but a specially-tailored menu in a special way to accommodate her practice of Islam. We affirm.

The State of Louisiana contends that this case may be disposed of on eleventh amendment grounds, inasmuch as Kahey's original complaint sought $350,000 from the Appellants in their official capacities as Warden and Food Service Supervisor of the LCIW. In the ordinary case, we would agree that this lawsuit for retrospective damages, even though couched as one against the individual employees of the state, would as a practical matter result in a judgment payable from the state treasury. The eleventh amendment, however, bars such a suit against a state official when "the state is the real, substantial party in interest." Pennhurst State School & Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 101, 104 S.Ct. 900, 908, 79 L.Ed.2d 67 (1984). See also Voisin's Oyster House, Inc. v. Guidry, 799 F.2d 183 (5th Cir.1986). With regard to this pro se plaintiff, a more generous construction of her pleadings is necessary, and so read, they repeatedly and ardently seek affirmative recognition by the prison authorities of the restrictions of her kosher diet. To the extent her complaint thus seeks prospective injunctive relief against the state, it does not contravene the eleventh amendment, Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U.S. 651, 664, 94 S.Ct. 1347, 1356, 39 L.Ed.2d 662 (1974), and we proceed to the merits.

Kahey averred that the Moslem religion prevents her not only from eating products containing pork, but from eating any food cooked or served in or on utensils that have come into contact with pork or any pork by-product. She requests the prison to provide her with regular meals consisting of eggs, fruit and vegetables served with shells or peels, on paper plates. The prison officials responded that in their attempts to satisfy Kahey, they modified the applicable prison regulation, No. 30-22, to provide a protein substitute whenever pork is served with a prison meal. They also identified on the prison menus any pork or shellfish products in the dishes served and, when appropriate, they prepare some dishes, like beans, both with and without pork. Fulfilling Kahey's particular requests would require special food and individualized processing and containers in order to completely avoid pork-contamination.

The short answer to Kahey's request is that our circuit, in Udey v. Kastner, 805 F.2d 1218 (5th Cir.1986), has already ruled that prisons need not respond to particularized religious dietary requests. The principal basis for decision in Udey was the court's recognition that if one such dietary request is granted, similar demands will proliferate, with two possible results: either accommodation of such demands will place an undue burden on the prison system, or the prisons would become entangled with religion while drawing fine and searching distinctions among various free exercise claimants. ¹ Udey controls our decision. See also Martinelli v. Dugger, 817 F.2d 1499, 1506-07 (11th Cir.1987) (prison kosher diet regulation upheld).

Since Udey was decided, the Supreme Court has twice spoken on the basis for recognizing prisoners' constitutional rights consistent with the needs of the penological setting in which they live. In Turner v. Safley, --- U.S. ----, 107 S.Ct. 2254, 2261, 96 L.Ed.2d 64 (1987), the Court declared the general test: when a prison regulation impinges on inmates' constitutional rights, the regulation is valid if it is reasonably related to legitimate penological interests. The standard is intended to encourage deference to prison administrators and to avoid repetitive interference by federal courts in operational matters. --- U.S. at ----, 107 S.Ct. at 2262. See also O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz, --- U.S. ----, 107 S.Ct. 2400, 2404, 96 L.Ed.2d 282 (1987). Turner identified four factors that courts should use to gauge the reasonableness of a restraint regulating a prisoner's exercise of constitutional rights. Shortly thereafter, in O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz, --- U.S. ----, 107 S.Ct. 2400 (1987), the Court applied these factors to uphold a prison work regulation that prevented Islamic prisoners from attending Friday prayer services.

To determine whether LCIW's regular and kosher diet regulations are sufficient under Turner, we must consider "(1) whether the regulation has a logical connection to the legitimate government interests invoked to justify it, (2) whether there are alternative means of exercising the rights that remain open to the inmates, (3) the impact that accommodation of the asserted constitutional rights will have on other inmates, guards and prison resources, and (4) the presence or absence of ready alternatives that fully accommodate the prisoner's rights at de minimis costs to valid penological interests. Turner, 107 S.Ct. at 2262; O'Lone, 107 S.Ct. at 2405." McCabe v. Arave, 827 F.2d 634, 637 (9th Cir.1987).

Applying the Turner factors, as elaborated in O'Lone, LWIC's policy for accommodating kosher diets passes muster. First, there is a logical connection between the prison regulation and the legitimate governmental interest that justifies it. Turner, at 2262. LWIC intends to provide the inmates balanced, uniform meals, with protein substitutes for pork and pork products, reserving special diets only for medical reasons. LWIC has a legitimate governmental interest in running a simplified prison food service rather than a full-scale restaurant. Second, we must determine whether there are alternative means for Kahey to maintain her religious practices. In O'Lone, it was deemed significant that although the prisoners could not attend a Friday evening Islamic service...