Kellett v. Superior Court of Sacramento County

• Decision Date: 05 January 1966
• Citation: Kellett v. Superior Court of Sacramento County, 48 Cal.Rptr. 366, 63 Cal.2d 822, 409 P.2d 206 (Cal. 1966)
• Court: California Supreme Court
• Parties: , 409 P.2d 206 Elmer Gordon KELLETT, Petitioner, v. The SUPERIOR COURT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY, Respondent; The PEOPLE, Real Party in Interest. Sac. 7689.

Page 366

48 Cal.Rptr. 366

63 Cal.2d 822, 409 P.2d 206

Elmer Gordon KELLETT, Petitioner, v.The SUPERIOR COURT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY, RespondentThe PEOPLE, Real Party in Interest.

Sac. 7689.

Supreme Court of California, In Bank.

Jan. 5, 1966.

As Modified on Denial of Rehearing Feb. 2, 1966.

Kenneth M. Wells, Public Defender, and Michael S. Sands, Deputy Public Defender, for petitioner.

No appearance for respondent.

Thomas C. Lynch, Atty. Gen., Doris H. Maier, Asst. Atty. Gen., and Edsel W. Haws, Deputy Atty. Gen., for real party in interest.

TRAYNOR, Chief Justice.

On October 15, 1964, officers of the Sacramento Police Department, called to the scene of a disturbance, arrested petitioner who was standing on a public sidewalk with a pistol in his hand.On that day he was charged in the municipal court with committing a misdemeanor in violation of Penal Code section 417(exhibiting a firearm in a threatening manner).On November 17, 1964, after a preliminary hearing at which it appeared that petitioner had been convicted of a felony, he was charged by information in the superior court with committing a felony in violation of Penal Code section 12021(possession of a concealable weapon by a person who has been convicted of a felony).

On January 20, 1965, petitioner pleaded guilty to the charge of violating section 417 and was sentenced to ninety days in the county jail.On January 26, 1965, he moved in the superior court to dismiss the information charging a violation of section 12021 on the ground that it was barred by Penal Code section 654.¹The motion was denied, and petitioner now seeks a writ of prohibition to prevent his trial.

Petitioner contends that exhibiting and possessing the pistol constituted a single act and that therefore his prosecution for violating section 12021 is barred by his conviction of violating section 417.The Attorney General contends that even if the evidence at petitioner's preliminary hearing did not show possession apart from that involved in the section 417 violation, it is reasonable to infer that petitioner possessed the pistol for some time before exhibiting it and that at his trial a separate act of possession within the meaning of section 654 may be readily established.

If only a single act or an indivisible course of criminal conduct is charged as the basis for a conviction, the defendant can be punished only once although he may have violated more than one statute.Whether a course of criminal conduct is divisible and therefore gives rise to more than one act within the meaning of section 654 depends on the intent and objective of the actor.(Neal v. State of California, 55 Cal.2d 11, 19, 9 Cal.Rptr. 607, 357 P.2d 839.)

Penal Code section 954 provides for the joinder in a single accusatory pleading of two or more offenses connected in their commission or having a common element of substantial importance in their commission.(People v. Scott, 24 Cal.2d 774, 778-779, 151 P.2d 517.)Had both offenses been joined in a single prosecution, the People might have shown that the object and intent of the petitioner in brandishing the weapon and his object in possessing it were entirely unrelated.The People might also have shown that the petitioner's possession of the weapon extended to a time beyond that during which he was observed brandishing it.If both were proved, the tests set forth in Neal for distinguishing a divisible transaction would be met and punishment for each offense permitted.'²

We pointed out in Neal, however, that 'Section 654's preclusion of multiple prosecution is separate and distinct from its preclusion of multiple punishment.The rule against multiple prosecutions is a procedural safeguard against harassment and is not necessarily related to the punishment to be imposed; double prosecution may be precluded even when double punishment is permissible.'(Neal v. State of California, 55 Cal.2d 11, 21, 9 Cal.Rptr. 607, 612, 613, 357 P.2d 839, 844, 845.)Thus, the punishment clause of section 654 does not apply when a single act of violence causes injury to several persons.A defendant who blows up an airplane killing all on board or commits an act that injures many persons is properly subject to greater punishment than a defendant who kills or harms only a single person.It does not follow, however, that such a defendant should be liable to successive prosecutions.It would constitute wholly unreasonable harassment in such circumstances to permit trials seriatim until the prosecutor is satisfied with the punishment imposed.By a series of amendments to section 954 that have greatly expanded the scope of permissible joinder, the Legislature has demonstrated its purpose to require joinder of related offenses in a single prosecution.³In addition to preventing harassment, joinder avoids needless repetition of evidence and saves the state and the defendant time and money.⁴(People v. Scott, 24 Cal.2d 774, 779, 151 P.2d 517;Neal v. State of California, supra, 55 Cal.2d at p. 21, 9 Cal.Rptr. 607, 357 P.2d 839.See alsoA.L.I. Model Penal Code, Tent DraftNo. 5, com. p. 34;Remington & Joseph, Charging, Convicting and Sentencing the Multiple Criminal Offender, 1961 Wis.L.Rev. 528, 551-552;Mayers & Yarbrough, Bis Vexari: New Trials and Successive Prosecutions, 74 Harv.L.Rev. 1;Kirchheimer, The Act, the Offense and Double Jeopardy, 58 YaleL.J. 513, 525;Comments, 50 Cal.L.Rev. 853;11 Stan.L.Rev. 73;65 YaleL.J. 339.)

There has been growing concern that both criminal defendants and the public fisc are entitled to protection from successive prosecutions for closely related crimes.In 1961 the State of Illinois adopted a new criminal code that requires joinder of all known offenses based on the same act.(Ill.Rev.Stat.1963, ch. 38, par. 3-3.)This requirement significantly alters Illinois law that had permitted successive trials of a defendant for each of three murders committed at one time until ultimately the death penalty was imposed.(People v. Ciucci, 8 Ill.2d 619, 137 N.E.3d 40.)The United States Supreme Court, although affirming that conviction, clearly warned that prosecution of closely related individual offenses at separate trials may constitute an impermissible denial of that fundamental fairness required by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.(Ciucci v. State of Illinois, 356 U.S. 571, 575, 78 S.Ct. 839, 2 L.Ed.2d 983.See alsoHoag v. State of New Jersey, 356 U.S. 464, 467, 78 S.Ct. 829, 2 L.Ed.2d 913;seeAbbate v. United States, 359 U.S. 187, 196, 79 S.Ct. 666, 3 L.Ed.2d 729(Brennan, J., concurring).)Applying its new statute, the Illinois Supreme Court recently ruled that it is inconsistent with fundamental fairness to try defendants previously convicted of murder for the essentially simultaneous murder of another victim.The court emphasized that the state could have had no other motive for the second prosecution than to substitute the opinion of the prosecutor for that of the original jury as to the adequacy of the punishment.(People v. Golson, 32 Ill.2d 398, 207 N.E.2d 68.)

If needless harassment and the waste of public funds are to be avoided, some acts that are divisible for the purpose of punishment must be regarded as being too interrelated to permit their being prosecuted successively.When there is a course of conduct involving several physical acts, the actor's intent or objective and the number of victims involved, which are crucial in determining the permissible punishment, may be immaterial when successive prosecutions are attempted.When, as here, the prosecution is or should be aware of more than one offense in which the same act or course of conduct plays a significant part, all such offenses must be prosecuted in a single proceeding unless joinder is prohibited or severance permitted for good cause.Failure to unite all such offenses will result in a bar to subsequent prosecution of any offense omitted if the initial proceedings culminate in either acquittal or conviction and sentence.⁵

We recognize that in many places felonies and misdemeanors are usually prosecuted by different public law offices and that there is a risk that those in charge of misdemeanor prosecutions may proceed without adequately assessing the seriousness of a defendant's conduct or considering whether a felony prosecution should be undertaken.When the responsibility for the prosecution for the higher offense lies with a different public law office there is also the risk that a well advised defendant may plead guilty to a misdemeanor to foreclose a subsequent felony prosecution the misdemeanor prosecutor may be unaware of or may choose to ignore.Cases may also arise in which the district attorney is reasonably unaware of the felonies when the misdemeanors are prosecuted.In such situations the risk that there may be waste and harassment through both a misdemeanor and felony prosecution may be outweighed by the risk that a defendant guilty of a felony may escape proper punishment.Accordingly, in such casessection 654 does not bar a subsequent felony prosecution except to the extent that such prosecution is barred by that section's preclusion of multiple punishment.

It bears emphasis, however, that the risk that a defendant guilty of a felony may escape proper punishment as a result of a conviction of a lesser offense is inherent in the preclusion by section 654 of multiple punishment....