Kraft v. Town of Mt. Olive

Decision Date05 June 2007
Docket NumberNo. COA06-856.,COA06-856.
Citation645 S.E.2d 132
PartiesFrancis Frederick KRAFT, Plaintiff v. TOWN OF MT. OLIVE, Defendant, and Peoples National Bank, Defendant/Intervenor.
CourtNorth Carolina Court of Appeals

Rose Rand Attorneys, P.A., by Jeffrey P. Gray and Jason R. Page, Wilson, for plaintiff-appellant.

Ward and Smith, P.A., by Ryal W. Tayloe, Wilmington, for defendant-appellee.

Pendergrass Law Firm, PLLC, by James K. Pendergrass, Jr. and Christopher R. Bullock, for defendant/intervenor-appellee.

HUNTER, Judge.

Francis Frederick Kraft ("plaintiff") filed a complaint on 24 June 2004 seeking to quiet title to property. Plaintiff asserted that the property in question be quieted either pursuant to the Marketable Title Act ("the Act") or under the theory that there had been no public dedication of the property. Town of Mt. Olive ("Town" or "defendant") asserted that there had been a dedication and acceptance of the property, an alley, as a public right-of-way or in the alternative that the Town had acquired a prescriptive easement and that the Act did not apply. Defendant/Intervenor Peoples National Bank ("Bank" or "defendant") asserted the same. The parties agreed to a bifurcated trial where the issues of dedication and marketable title would be addressed first. If the issues were determined in favor of plaintiff, a jury trial as to the issue of a prescriptive easement would follow. The trial court entered judgment as to the first set of issues in favor of the Town and the Bank on 30 November 2005 so that the second phase of the trial was not needed. Plaintiff appeals this ruling.

This case involves a dispute over the ownership of an alley ("the alley") in the Town. Plaintiff owns property located at the corner of West Center Street and West James Street in the Town.1 Based on plaintiff's deed, he contends that he owns the alley running along the southeastern boundary of his property. Defendants assert that the property had been dedicated to the public by a prior owner.

The alley in question is approximately ten (10) feet in width and runs from West James Street to West John Street. The alley has been in existence since the 1920s. The original owner of the dominant tract, including the alley, was Ben W. Southerland ("Southerland"). Southerland conveyed portions of the dominant tract along West Center Street between West John Street and West James Street to various grantees. At least three of the five conveyances were made subject to and with reference to the alley.

The first conveyance from Southerland's estate stated that the alley "shall at all times be kept open and unobstructed[.]" The second stated that the alley "shall at all times be kept open, free for passage and unobstructed[.]" Finally, the fifth reserved the "free use of a ten foot alleyway" and stated that this alley shall "be kept open for the benefit of the public[.]"

After the death of Southerland, his estate recorded a plat2 of the remaining portions of the dominant tract on 15 December 1926. Among the parcels sold was a portion of the dominant tract to Rubineal Witherington ("Witherington"), including what is now the Kraft Building site, subject to and with reference to the alley.

On 6 May 1981, Witherington conveyed the Kraft Building to Kraft Studios, Inc. by general warranty deed. Kraft Studios, Inc. conveyed the Kraft Building, by the description referenced in footnote one above, to plaintiff Francis Kraft and his then wife, Linda S. Kraft. Linda S. Kraft, pursuant to a divorce settlement, conveyed her interest in the Kraft Building to plaintiff by a quitclaim deed on 11 August 1989.

Plaintiff operates various businesses and lives in the Kraft Building. Plaintiff sought to build a courtyard within the boundary of the alley. The Town denied this request, and plaintiff filed this action to quiet title to his property. The trial court ruled in favor of the Town and the Bank.

Plaintiff presents three questions for this Court to review: (1) whether the alley had been properly dedicated to the public use; (2) if so, whether the Town accepted that dedication; and (3) whether the Act bars defendants' claim to the alley. After careful consideration, we affirm the ruling of the trial court.

When the trial court sits without a jury, as it did in this case, "the standard of review on appeal is whether there was competent evidence to support the trial court's findings of fact and whether its conclusions of law were proper in light of such facts." Shear v. Stevens Building Co., 107 N.C.App. 154, 160, 418 S.E.2d 841, 845 (1992). The trial court's conclusions of law are reviewed de novo. Humphries v. City of Jacksonville, 300 N.C. 186, 187, 265 S.E.2d 189, 190 (1980).

I.

Dedication is a form of transfer whereby an individual grants to the public rights of use in his or her lands. Spaugh v. Charlotte, 239 N.C. 149, 159, 79 S.E.2d 748, 756 (1954). An easement by dedication can occur "in express terms or it may be implied from conduct on the part of the owner." Id. The ultimate issue is whether the owner of the property intended to dedicate the property. Milliken v. Denny, 141 N.C. 224, 230, 53 S.E. 867, 869 (1906); see also Nicholas v. Salisbury Hardware & Furniture Co., 248 N.C. 462, 468, 103 S.E.2d 837, 842 (1958) (explaining that the intention of the owner to dedicate is the "foundation and very life of every dedication").

"`The intention to dedicate must clearly appear, though such intention may be shown by deed, by words, or by acts.'" Milliken, 141 N.C. at 230, 53 S.E. at 869 (emphasis added) (citation omitted). Where an intention to dedicate is found, and followed by an acceptance by the public, the dedication is complete. Nicholas, 248 N.C. at 469, 103 S.E.2d at 842. Plaintiff brings forth three arguments as to whether the alley was dedicated to the public. However, because we find that the deeds from Southerland establish an intent to dedicate the alley to the public we need only address one argument.

As previously noted, intention to dedicate may be shown by deed. Milliken, 141 N.C. at 230, 53 S.E. at 869. Here, Southerland, the prior owner of the dominant tract, made at least five conveyances of property, all of which referenced the alley. Three of them specifically dealt with the dedication of the alley. The first stated that the alley "shall at all times be kept open and unobstructed[.]" The second stated that the alley "shall at all times be kept open, free for passage and unobstructed[.]" Finally, the fifth reserved the "free use of a ten foot alleyway" and stated that this alley shall "be kept open for the benefit of the public[.]" These deeds, taken together, clearly establish the intention of Southerland to dedicate the alley to the public.

Plaintiff argues that the deeds conveying other property abutting the alley are ineffective to constitute an offer of dedication because plaintiff's deed does not contain such restrictive language. We disagree.

Plaintiff relies on Board of Transportation v. Pelletier, 38 N.C.App. 533, 537, 248 S.E.2d 413, 415 (1978), for the proposition that interpretation of deeds goes "no further than the four corners of the instrument." Plaintiff is essentially arguing that the trial court should have only looked at plaintiff's deed. Pelletier is not on point. In that case, there was only one deed to be interpreted. Id. In the instant case, however, the trial court was attempting to determine whether Southerland had intended to dedicate the entire alley. In such cases, intent to dedicate may be found outside the four corners of the deed and "may be either by express language, reservation, or by conduct showing an intention to dedicate[.]" Milliken, 141 N.C. at 227, 53 S.E. at 868 (emphasis added).

Furthermore, this Court has held that a purchaser will have constructive notice of all duly recorded documents that a proper examination of the title should reveal. Stegall v. Robinson, 81 N.C.App. 617, 619, 344 S.E.2d 803, 804 (1986). It is well settled that a "title examiner must read the prior conveyances [of the dominant tract owner] to determine that they do not contain restrictions applicable to the use of the subject property." Id. at 620, 344 S.E.2d at 805. Given the prior conveyances of Southerland dedicating the alley to the public and our requirements to research those prior conveyances, we hold that plaintiff had record notice of the dedication and the restrictions placed on the alley.3

Finally, as to this issue, plaintiff argues that because both he and his predecessor in interest paid taxes on the alley that any intention to dedicate was negated. We disagree.

Plaintiff correctly states the general rule that payment of taxes "tends to negative any alleged intent on his part to dedicate it to the public." Nicholas, 248 N.C. at 470, 103 S.E.2d at 843. The trial court, however, made a finding of fact that "neither [p]laintiff, nor his predecessors in interest, have been paying taxes on the [a]lley."

We find competent evidence to support this finding of fact. At trial, plaintiff testified that he had not been paying taxes on the alley for "all of these years." Additionally, the record contains a letter from the Wayne County tax assessor to plaintiff stating that neither the tax map nor real estate card shows that the alley is included in plaintiff's lot. Plaintiff's assignments of error as to this issue are overruled. Having determined that Southerland intended to dedicate the property, we next address whether the Town accepted that property on behalf of the public.

II.

Plaintiff next argues that the Town did not accept the offer of dedication by use and control or by a formal resolution. A dedication of a road "is a revocable offer until it is accepted on the part of the public in `some recognized legal manner' and by a proper...

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