Lafromboise v. Leavitt

• Decision Date: 02 March 2006
• Docket Number: No. 04-3245.,04-3245.
• Parties: Sandy LAFROMBOISE, individually, and on behalf of her minor son, Robert LaFromboise, Jr., Appellant, v. Michael O. LEAVITT, as the Secretary of the Health and Human Services Department;<SMALL><SUP>1</SUP></SMALL> Indian Health Service; United States of America, Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

439 F.3d 792

Sandy LAFROMBOISE, individually, and on behalf of her minor son, Robert LaFromboise, Jr., Appellant, v. Michael O. LEAVITT, as the Secretary of the Health and Human Services Department;¹ Indian Health Service; United States of America, Appellees.

No. 04-3245.

United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.

Submitted: May 13, 2005.

Filed: March 2, 2006.

Larry M. Baer, argued, West Des Moines, IA, for appellant.

John S. Koppel, argued, Dept. of Justice, Washington, DC (Mark B. Stern, Justice Dept., on the brief), for appellee.

Before WOLLMAN, COLLOTON, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.

COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.

Sandy LaFromboise, individually and on behalf of her son Robert, filed suit against the United States, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, and the Indian Health Service under the Federal Tort Claims Act ("FTCA"). LaFromboise claimed that her son had been a victim of medical malpractice at the Quentin N. Burdick Memorial Comprehensive Health Care Facility, an Indian Health Service facility located on the Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation in Belcourt, North Dakota. The defendants moved for summary judgment on the ground that LaFromboise failed to file an expert affidavit within three months of filing suit, as required by North Dakota law in medical malpractice cases. The district court² treated the motion for summary judgment as a motion to dismiss and dismissed the action without prejudice. LaFromboise appeals, arguing that she was not required to comply with North Dakota law because tribal law governs instead. We affirm.

The Federal Tort Claims Act waives sovereign immunity, and gives federal district courts jurisdiction, with respect to claims

for injury or loss of property, or personal injury or death caused by the negligent or wrongful act or omission of any employee of the Government while acting within the scope of his office or employment, under circumstances where the United States, if a private person, would be liable to the claimant in accordance with the law of the place where the act or omission occurred.

28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(1). This case turns on what the statute means by "the law of the place."

The alleged medical malpractice involved here occurred within the territory of the Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation, which is in turn within the territory of the State of North Dakota. The law of those two jurisdictions governing medical malpractice claims differs in a material respect: North Dakota law requires LaFromboise to file a supporting affidavit from a medical expert within three months of commencing her action, N.D. Cent.Code § 28-01-46 (2003), while tribal law contains no such requirement. The district court, applying North Dakota law, dismissed the action because LaFromboise failed to file the required affidavit. In considering whether the dismissal was warranted, therefore, we must determine whether "the law of the place" means the law of the State, i.e., North Dakota, or the law of the tribal reservation.

It frequently has been assumed, at least where an act occurs within the boundaries of some State (as opposed to a territory, such as the District of Columbia or Guam), that "the law of the place" means "the law of the State." The Supreme Court has "consistently held that § 1346(b)'s reference to `law of the place' means law of the State—the source of substantive liability under the FTCA." FDIC v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471, 478, 114 S.Ct. 996, 127 L.Ed.2d 308 (1994); see also Rayonier, Inc. v. United States, 352 U.S. 315, 319, 77 S.Ct. 374, 1 L.Ed.2d 354 (1957) ("[T]he test established by the Tort Claims Act for determining the United States' liability is whether a private person would be responsible for similar negligence under the laws of the State where the acts occurred."); Richards v. United States, 369 U.S. 1, 14 n. 29, 82 S.Ct. 585, 7 L.Ed.2d 492 (1962) ("[D]espite the ambiguity that exists in the history due to the fact that Congress did not specifically consider the choice-of-laws problem, the legislative material indicates that Congress thought in terms of state law being applicable."). Our court, in precisely the circumstances at issue here, has applied the law of the State to acts occurring on tribal lands within a State, although the choice-of-law question apparently was not raised or discussed in these cases. Champagne v. United States, 40 F.3d 946, 947 (8th Cir.1994); Goodman v. United States, 2 F.3d 291, 292 (8th Cir. 1993) (holding that "[i]n this FTCA case [arising from an alleged tort on the Pine Ridge Reservation], we are, of course, bound to apply the law of the state in which the acts complained of occurred"); Kruchten v. United States, 914 F.2d 1106, 1107 (8th Cir.1990).³

LaFromboise contends that where a tribal court would have jurisdiction over a private person committing the alleged tort, see Montana v. United States, 450 U.S. 544, 565-66, 101 S.Ct. 1245, 67 L.Ed.2d 493 (1981), then "the law of the place" for purposes of the FTCA is the law of the tribal reservation. For this proposition, she relies primarily on the decision in Cheromiah v. United States, 55 F.Supp.2d 1295 (D.N.M.1999), which stands alone among the district courts to have considered the question of statutory interpretation. Cf. Fed. Express Corp. v. United States, 228 F.Supp.2d 1267, 1269 (D.N.M. 2002); Bryant v. United States, 147 F.Supp.2d 953, 957 (D.Ariz.2000); Louis v. United States, 54 F.Supp.2d 1207, 1210 (D.N.M.1999); Chips v. United States, Civ. No. 92-5025, slip op. at 3 (D.S.D. Apr. 28, 1993) (cited in Cheromiah, 55 F.Supp.2d at 1306); Azure v. United States, Cv-90-68-GF-PGH, slip op. at 9-10 (D.Mont. May 9, 1991) (same). We now have been presented squarely with the issue, and several considerations lead us to conclude that the law of the place is the law of the State.

First, the plain meaning of the statute— "the law of the place"—indicates that Congress contemplated a single source of governing law. LaFromboise's interpretation, by contrast, calls for an inquiry into whether a political entity would have civil authority over an action against private parties arising from the alleged negligence, without any guiding principle to determine which law governs when a State and a tribal court have concurrent jurisdiction. Her approach, therefore, creates tension with the text, because it envisions that the laws of two places, the State and the tribal reservation, might be applicable. Understanding "place" to mean "State," where an act or omission occurs within a State, is consistent with the statute's use of the singular.

Second, the most apposite precedents from the federal appellate courts support the view that "place" means "State." Numerous decisions hold that where a negligent act occurs within a federal enclave, such as a military base or national park, that is located within the territory of a State, the law of the State applies, notwithstanding that a different political entity— in those cases, the federal government— has civil authority over the land. E.g., Rayonier, 352 U.S. at 319, 77 S.Ct. 374 (federally owned land); Will v. United States, 849 F.2d 315, 316-17 (8th Cir.1988) (national park); Lewis v. United States, 663 F.2d 818, 819 (8th Cir.1981) (per curiam) (national monument); Shankle v. United States, 796 F.2d 742, 744 (5th Cir. 1986) (military base); Lutz v. United States, 685 F.2d 1178, 1182 (9th Cir.1982) (military base); Jones v. United States, 693 F.2d 1299, 1301 (9th Cir.1982) (national park).

Likewise, in a case involving two States, Brock v. United States, 601 F.2d 976 (9th Cir.1979), the Ninth Circuit persuasively concluded that "place" refers to locality rather than jurisdiction. Brock involved an accident at a dam that spanned the Columbia River between Washington and Oregon. The government's alleged negligence occurred in Washington, but it was urged that Oregon had jurisdiction of the area where the negligence occurred, under a federal statute that gave Washington and Oregon concurrent jurisdiction over the Columbia River. The Ninth Circuit rejected the view that "the law of the place" means the law of the political entity that has jurisdiction over the site where the act or omission occurred, and instead endorsed the view that "place" is defined by territorial or political boundaries. Brock, 601 F.2d at 979. This holding is consistent with the Supreme Court's decision in Hess v. United States, 361 U.S. 314, 318, 80 S.Ct. 341, 4 L.Ed.2d 305 (1960), which held that the law of Oregon governed an FTCA action...