Lawrence v. Com.

• Decision Date: 28 September 1993
• Docket Number: No. 0933-92-2,0933-92-2
• Citation: 435 S.E.2d 591,17 Va.App. 140
• Parties: Albert Justin LAWRENCE v. COMMONWEALTH of Virginia. Record
• Court: Virginia Court of Appeals

Page 591

435 S.E.2d 591

17 Va.App. 140

Albert Justin LAWRENCE v. COMMONWEALTH of Virginia.

Record No. 0933-92-2.

Court of Appeals of Virginia.

Sept. 28, 1993.

[17 Va.App. 141] Elizabeth D. Scher, Richmond (Morchower, Luxton and Whaley, on brief), for appellant.

Richard B. Smith, Asst. Atty. Gen. (Stephen D. Rosenthal, Atty. Gen., Margaret Ann B. Walker, Asst. Atty. Gen., on brief), for appellee.

Present: MOON, C.J., and BENTON and FITZPATRICK, JJ.

FITZPATRICK, Judge.

Albert Justin Lawrence (appellant) was convicted after a bench trial of possession with intent to distribute 37.52 grams of heroin, in violation of Code § 18.2-248. On appeal, he argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress the evidence seized from him during a warrantless search. The appropriate disposition of this appeal turns on whether appellant voluntarily consented to a police search of the front left pocket of his pants. We conclude that the police acted properly and, therefore, we affirm.

BACKGROUND

On October 22, 1991, an Amtrak Police Officer observed appellant and another male arrive at the Staples Mill Road Amtrak station in Henrico County one minute before their train departed. They bought two tickets under the name "S. Miller." The tickets were round-trip to Philadelphia, a known "source city" for drug distribution, returning the same day. Appellant paid for the tickets in cash. The Amtrak officer suspected drug activity and notified the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).

DEA task-force Officers Farmer and Nicely met the train upon its return from Philadelphia at 12:30 a.m. the next morning. The officers observed the two suspects inside the train and noticed that they walked the full length of the train before exiting the train together. Appellant separated himself from the crowd of people and carefully checked all around him. The suspects walked toward the side of the station, said something to each other, then separated. Appellant, at that point, diverted his "total attention" to Officer Nicely, who had begun to follow appellant's companion.

Officer Farmer approached appellant as he was standing at the station entrance. The officer identified himself and asked appellant where he had been. Appellant, who began shaking, fidgeting, and shifting his eyes between Farmer and Nicely, said that he had been in Philadelphia to visit his daughter. Farmer asked appellant for his identification, but appellant denied having any. Farmer asked appellant if he had a ticket and if he minded if Farmer looked at it. Appellant then gave Farmer his ticket stub, which indicated the name "S. Miller." Appellant stated that "S. Miller" was a friend of his.

When Farmer asked appellant the name of his daughter, he "looked straight up in the air for approximately a minute and just gazed up in the air." Thereafter, Farmer asked: "If you don't know your daughter's name, then where does she live?" Appellant did not reply. Farmer then asked him if he was carrying any illegal narcotics or weapons. Appellant replied, "No." Farmer further asked whether appellant "would mind" letting him search his person for any illegal narcotics or weapons. Appellant replied, "No, I don't have any guns or drugs on me," and then voluntarily began to empty his pockets, handing Farmer the contents. Throughout the conversation, Farmer advised appellant that he was under no duty to answer questions, that he was not under arrest, and that he was free to leave at any time.

Farmer noticed that appellant emptied all of his pockets except his left front pants pocket. Farmer asked appellant what was in the pocket because it contained a large bulge. Appellant initially denied that there was anything in the pocket, but when asked if he "would mind" showing Farmer, appellant pulled out several tissues, handed them to the officer and stated: "That's all I have." The noticeable bulge remained. Farmer touched the front of the pocket and the bulge with the back of his hand and asked, "what is it?" Appellant again put his hand in his pocket and volunteered a set of keys. He became more excited and was "moving around more. His volume in his voice was getting a little bit higher at that point." The bulge, however, still existed. When appellant quickly thrust his hand back into his pocket Farmer advised him "to calm down and to remove his hands slowly from his pocket." When he did, Farmer patted down the outside of the pocket. Farmer then pulled, pushed or squeezed the bulge and could feel the bulge "crinkling in the pocket." He described the bulge as follows:

felt like ... several bundles of packaging material that I from my training experience have felt that could be containing illegal narcotics. When I did this, I stated to [appellant,] "Now I know why you don't want to empty these pockets," and [the defendant] said, "There ain't nothing in there," and he tried to put his hand back into his pocket again. When he did so, I placed my hand on his wrist to keep him from going back into his pocket. I removed his hand, and when I did so I put my hand back down into his pocket and removed what I have labeled as Exhibit 1, which is approximately 38 packets.

Farmer was suspicious because appellant denied having anything in the pocket, yet Farmer could see and feel a bulge. Farmer assumed that appellant did not want him to know what was in the pocket. After Farmer squeezed the bulging area of the pocket he believed the pocket contained drug packaging material, because he could feel two bundles of waxy type paper crinkling. Farmer acknowledged that at that point he probably would not have permitted appellant to leave had appellant attempted to do so.

CONSENSUAL ENCOUNTER AND SEARCH

When a motion to suppress is reviewed on appeal, we examine the evidence presented at both the suppression hearing and trial in determining whether the contraband was lawfully seized. DePriest v. Commonwealth, 4 Va.App. 577, 583, 359 S.E.2d 540, 543 (1987), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 985, 109 S.Ct. 541, 102 L.Ed.2d 571 (1988). Further, "[t]he burden is upon [appellant] to show that [the denial of the suppression motion], when the evidence is considered most favorably to the Commonwealth, constituted reversible error." Fore v. Commonwealth, 220 Va. 1007, 1010, 265 S.E.2d 729, 731, cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1017, 101 S.Ct. 579, 66 L.Ed.2d 477 (1980).

At oral argument before us, appellant's counsel conceded that upon viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth:

there could be a finding that [appellant] did initially consent to some kind of a search.... I am conceding that [appellant] did consent to unloading these pockets and showing those to the police officer, and that's exactly what happened. Our argument is that he limited that search, that he withdrew his consent as far as that left front pocket, any consent that had been given as far as that left front pocket went.

Further, appellant noted in his brief that "[a]lthough this may have began [sic] as a consensual encounter, once [appellant] stopped voluntarily cooperating with [the police], its consensual nature ceased." Accordingly, the sole issue presented in this appeal is whether appellant's conduct limited the scope of the initial consent or whether his conduct withdrew the previously given consent.

A voluntary or consensual encounter between a police officer and a citizen does "not implicate the fourth amendment," Iglesias v. Commonwealth, 7 Va.App. 93, 99, 372 S.E.2d 170, 173 (1988), as long as "a reasonable person would understand that he or she could refuse to cooperate." United States v. Wilson, 953 F.2d 116, 121 (4th Cir.1991) (citations omitted). "Voluntarily responding to a police request, which most citizens will do, does not negate 'the consensual nature of the response.' " Grinton v. Commonwealth, 14 Va.App. 846, 849, 419 S.E.2d 860, 862 (1992) (quoting I.N.S. v. Delgado, 466 U.S. 210, 216, 104 S.Ct. 1758, 1762, 80 L.Ed.2d 247 (1984)). "Such encounters ... remain consensual 'as long as the citizen voluntarily cooperates with the police.' Fourth Amendment scrutiny is triggered, however, the moment an encounter loses its consensual nature." Payne v. Commonwealth, 14 Va.App. 86, 88, 414 S.E.2d 869, 870 (1992) (quoting Wilson, 953 F.2d at 121) (other citation omitted).

In this case, the trial court found as a fact that:

This was a relatively short encounter. [Appellant] was clearly told he had the right to leave, that he didn't have to talk with them. He agreed to talk with them. It was very short. He never made any indication that he wanted to curtail the encounter.

The evidence shows that appellant knew that he was free to leave, but he never attempted to do so. He continued to respond to the officer's questions, albeit untruthfully. At a minimum, he was pretending to search himself in response to the officer's focus on the bulge in his left front pants pocket. Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, we uphold the trial court's finding that appellant was not "seized" within the meaning of the fourth amendment until after the drugs were discovered and the officer placed him under arrest.

SCOPE OF CONSENSUAL SEARCH

"The scope of a person's consent is determined by whether it is objectively reasonable for the police to believe that the consent permitted them to search where they did." Grinton, 14 Va.App. at 851, 419 S.E.2d at 862 (citing Florida v. Jimeno, 500 U.S. 248, ---- - ----, 111 S.Ct. 1801, 1803-04, 114 L.Ed.2d 297 (1991)). "A suspect may of course delimit as he chooses the scope of the search to which he consents. But if his consent would reasonably be understood to extend to a particular container, the Fourth Amendment provides no grounds for requiring a more explicit authorization." Jimeno, 500 U.S. at ----, 111 S.Ct. at 1804.

In this case, the trial court specifically found that appellant consented to a search of his person for the stated purpose of...