Leicht v. State
| Decision Date | 07 October 2003 |
| Docket Number | No. 3402-0210-CR-840.,3402-0210-CR-840. |
| Citation | 798 N.E.2d 204 |
| Parties | Robert LEICHT, Appellant-Defendant, v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee-Plaintiff. |
| Court | Indiana Appellate Court |
Joshua E. Leicht, Leicht Law Office, Kokomo, for Appellant.
Steve Carter, Attorney General of Indiana, Nicole M. Schuster, Deputy Attorney General, Indianapolis, for Appellee.
Robert Leicht brings this interlocutory appeal of the trial court's denial of his motion to suppress.
We affirm.
Whether the trial court erred in denying Leicht's motion to suppress evidence because the State failed to establish probable cause to support the issuance of the search warrant.
On February 12, 2002, two detectives from the Kokomo Police Department went to the Carpenter residence to investigate the possible involvement of Lindsay Carpenter with drugs. They knocked, Lindsay answered the door, and the detectives smelled the odor of burnt marijuana. Lindsay's mother, Bonnie Carpenter, then came to the door and allowed the detectives to enter her home. Lindsay told them she had been smoking marijuana. Detective Brown asked Bonnie if she would allow a search of the residence, and Bonnie declined. The detectives obtained a search warrant and returned.
At that point, Bonnie directed Detective Brown to "a sizable quantity of marijuana" in her bedroom as well as "over eight hundred dollars" in cash and drug paraphernalia. (App.39). Bonnie was then questioned by the detectives at her residence and at the police station. At the station, she also provided a sworn statement.
Detective Rood, who was present for the questioning of Bonnie at the police station, prepared an affidavit for probable cause to obtain a search warrant. The affidavit specified that two officers had smelled the odor of burnt marijuana at the Carpenter residence and obtained a search warrant for the residence. The affidavit also contained the following facts. When the warrant was served, Bonnie "advised that she did have marijuana in the residence and money related to the sale of illegal drugs"; gave them "a bag containing individually wrapped plastic bags" that appeared to contain marijuana; and "stated she wanted to cooperate and provide information to us about the person she gets the marijuana from." (App.66). Bonnie identified Leicht as the person who provided her the marijuana to sell, and she provided the location and description of his residence. Bonnie described an extensive history of her dealings with Leicht, from initially buying it by the ounce to "getting the marijuana by the pound and selling it for [Leicht]," with details about two levels of quantity and corresponding prices—$900 or $6,100 per pound. (App.67). Bonnie admitted she had even delivered marijuana from Leicht to a Derrick Hill "the night he was killed." Id. Bonnie described being present at Leicht's residence "approximately four months ago" and witnessing the delivery of "crates" that contained twenty-pound "bricks" of marijuana, and how she "made two thousand dollars from just delivering" one of the bricks. Id. Bonnie explained that when she was "close to being out" of marijuana to sell, she would "call [Leicht] and he would either bring her a pound of marijuana to sale [sic] or she would go to his residence and get it," and that just two days prior to her encounter with the police, Leicht had brought her "one pound of marijuana to sell." Id.
The trial court found "that probable cause [was] stated" in the affidavit and issued a search warrant for Leicht's residence and property that same day, February 12, 2002. (App.60). On April 26, 2002, the State filed a probable cause affidavit1 for a warrant to arrest Leicht on charges that he had committed the offenses of conspiracy to commit dealing in marijuana; aiding, inducing or causing dealing in marijuana; and dealing in marijuana, all class C felonies. After a hearing, the trial court found probable cause to charge Leicht and issued a warrant for his arrest.
On July 11, 2002, Leicht filed a motion to suppress the evidence "seized from [his] residence on February 12, 2002," alleging that the probable cause affidavit submitted for that search warrant "consisted almost entirely of uncorroborated hearsay from" Bonnie and "failed to establish the existence of probable cause sufficient to warrant the issuance of the search warrant." (App.27). The trial court heard evidence at a hearing on September 4, 2002. Bonnie testified that after the detectives returned to her residence with the search warrant, she gave them a sizeable quantity of marijuana from the safe in her bedroom and some cash. She further testified that during her questioning by the police, she was simply "talked to," there "was no pressure," she did not feel threatened, and her testimony to them was "freely and voluntarily given." (App.40, 42). Detective Rood testified of his personal knowledge that Derrick Hill, a recent homicide victim, had been "a major dealer" who had possessed several pounds of marijuana near the time of his death. (App.42).
The trial court concluded that the affidavit established probable cause because it gave the "basis of [Bonnie's] knowledge," in that Bonnie had been found in possession of a substantial quantity of marijuana, "was trafficking with [Leicht]," "gave statements against penal interest in connection with sale to the man who was eventually murdered," "told about past conduct which the police did not have evidence on or did not have evidence in hand for which she could be investigated and possibly charged," and that she had "an ongoing relationship" with Leicht. (App.61).
The federal and state constitutions guarantee that a court will not issue a search warrant without probable cause. Overstreet v. State, 783 N.E.2d 1140, 1157 (Ind.2003) (citing U.S. CONST. Amend IV; Ind. Const. Art. I, § 11). Probable cause to search the premises is established when a sufficient basis of fact exists to permit a reasonably prudent person to believe that a search of those premises will uncover evidence of a crime. Id. (citing Esquerdo v. State, 640 N.E.2d 1023, 1029 (Ind.1994)). The decision to issue the warrant should be based on the facts stated in the affidavit and the rational and reasonable inferences drawn therefrom. Id. The duty of a reviewing court is "simply to ensure that the magistrate had a `substantial basis' for concluding that probable cause existed." Id. (). "Substantial basis" requires the reviewing court, with significant deference to the magistrate's determination, to focus on whether reasonable inferences drawn from the totality of the evidence support the determination of probable cause. Id.
I.C. § 35-33-5-2(b). Thus, the hearsay "must exhibit some hallmarks of reliability." Jaggers, 687 N.E.2d at 182.
The trustworthiness of hearsay for purposes of proving probable cause can be established in a number of ways, including the showing of "some basis for the informant's knowledge." Id. (citing Gates, 462 U.S. at 232, 103 S.Ct. 2317). The hearsay statements of Bonnie in the probable cause affidavit showed that her knowledge was based on her personal involvement in selling marijuana provided by Leicht. The trial court found that her statements indicated a long-term relationship with Leicht, that Leicht provided marijuana to her and allowed her to pay for it after she sold it to others, and that the price she would pay Leicht for the marijuana varied based upon its quality. As the trial court noted, this indicated "some basis for" Bonnie's knowledge, which would tend to show the trustworthiness of the statements. See Jaggers, 687 N.E.2d at 182.
Further, the amount of detail provided by the informant may allow the magistrate to "reasonably infer that the informant had gained his information in a reliable way." Spinelli v. U.S., 393 U.S. 410, 417, 89 S.Ct. 584, 21 L.Ed.2d 637 (1969). There is a great deal of detail in the information cited in the affidavit as having been provided by Bonnie. Specifically, statements indicate the price and payment arrangements between her and Leicht, their delivery arrangements, the date and time of his most recent delivery to her, how she originally met Leicht and the frequency of their contact, and the detailed account of the truck's delivery of crates containing bricks of marijuana to Leicht's residence.
Further, many of the statements that the affidavit attributes to Bonnie were statements against interest. A statement against the declarant's penal interest is one that so far tends to subject the declarant to civil or criminal liability that a reasonable person in the declarant's position would not have made the statement unless believing it to be true. Jervis v. State, 679 N.E.2d 875, 878 (Ind.1997) (citing Ind. Evidence Rule 804(b)).
In Nash v. State, 433 N.E.2d 807, 810 (Ind.Ct.App.1982), we held that statements against the declarant's penal interest "constitute an indicia of credibility which may be used in ascertaining the credibility of an informant whose information provides the basis of an affidavit" for a search warrant. There, the declarant's statement "admitted the...
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