Little Rock School Dist. v. Pulaski County Special School Dist. No. 1, Nos. 85-1078
| Court | United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (8th Circuit) |
| Writing for the Court | Before LAY, Chief Judge, and HEANEY, BRIGHT, ROSS, McMILLIAN, ARNOLD, JOHN R. GIBSON, FAGG and BOWMAN; HEANEY; ARNOLD; JOHN R. GIBSON, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part, joined by FAGG; BOWMAN |
| Citation | 778 F.2d 404 |
| Parties | 28 Ed. Law Rep. 1261 LITTLE ROCK SCHOOL DISTRICT, Appellee, v. PULASKI COUNTY SPECIAL SCHOOL DISTRICT NO. 1; Mac Faulkner; Charles Stratton; Don Hindman; Mack McAllister; Sheryl Dunn; David Sain; and Mildred Tatum, Appellants. Lorene Joshua, as next friend of minors Leslie Joshua, Stacy Joshua and Mayne Joshua; Rev. Robert Willingham, as next friend of minor Tonya Willingham; Sara Matthews, as next friend of Khayyan Davis, Alexa Armstrong and Karlos Armstrong; Mrs. Alvin Hudson as next friend of Tatia Hudson; Mrs. Hilton Taylor as next friend of Parsha Taylor, Hilton Taylor, Jr. and Brian Taylor; Rev. John M. Miles as next friend of Janice Miles and Derrick Miles; Rev. Robert Willingham on behalf of and as President of the Little Rock Branch of NAACIP; Lorene Joshua on behalf of and as President of the North Little Rock Branch of the NAACIP; Katherine Knight, individually and as President of the Little Rock Classroom Teachers Association (LRCTA); LRCTA; Ed Bullington, individually and as President of the Pulaski Association of Classroom Teachers (PACT); PACT; John Harrison, individually and as President of the North Little Rock Classroom Teachers Association (NLRCTA); NLRCTA; Milton Jackson, individually and as a Noncertified Educational Support Employee of the Little Rock School District, Appellees. LITTLE ROCK SCHOOL DISTRICT, Appellee, v. NORTH LITTLE ROCK SCHOOL DISTRICT; Murry Witcher; Ginny Jones; Vicki Stephens; Leon Barnes; Marianne Gossner; and Steve Morley, Appellants. Lorene Joshua, as next friend of minors Leslie Joshua, Stacy Joshua and Mayne Joshua; Rev. Robert Willingham, as next friend of minor Tonya Willingham; Sara Matthews, as next friend of Khayyan Davis, Alexa Armstrong and Karlos Armstrong; Mrs. Alvin Hudson as next friend of Tatia Hudson; Mrs. Hilton Taylor as next friend of Parsha Taylor, Hilton Taylor, Jr. and Brian Taylor; Rev. John M. Miles as next friend of Janice Miles and Derrick Miles; Rev. Robert Willingham on behalf of and as Preside |
| Decision Date | 07 November 1985 |
| Docket Number | 85-1079 and 85-1081,Nos. 85-1078 |
Page 404
v.
PULASKI COUNTY SPECIAL SCHOOL DISTRICT NO. 1; Mac Faulkner;
Charles Stratton; Don Hindman; Mack McAllister;
Sheryl Dunn; David Sain; and Mildred
Tatum, Appellants.
Lorene Joshua, as next friend of minors Leslie Joshua, Stacy
Joshua and Mayne Joshua; Rev. Robert Willingham, as next
friend of minor Tonya Willingham; Sara Matthews, as next
friend of Khayyan Davis, Alexa Armstrong and Karlos
Armstrong; Mrs. Alvin Hudson as next friend of Tatia
Hudson; Mrs. Hilton Taylor as next friend of Parsha Taylor,
Hilton Taylor, Jr. and Brian Taylor; Rev. John M. Miles as
next friend of Janice Miles and Derrick Miles; Rev. Robert
Willingham on behalf of and as President of the Little Rock
Branch of NAACIP; Lorene Joshua on behalf of and as
President of the North Little Rock Branch of the NAACIP;
Katherine Knight, individually and as President of the
Little Rock Classroom Teachers Association (LRCTA); LRCTA;
Ed Bullington, individually and as President of the Pulaski
Association of Classroom Teachers (PACT); PACT; John
Harrison, individually and as President of the North Little
Rock Classroom Teachers Association (NLRCTA); NLRCTA;
Milton Jackson, individually and as a Noncertified
Educational Support Employee of the Little Rock School
District, Appellees.
LITTLE ROCK SCHOOL DISTRICT, Appellee,
v.
NORTH LITTLE ROCK SCHOOL DISTRICT; Murry Witcher; Ginny
Jones; Vicki Stephens; Leon Barnes; Marianne
Gossner; and Steve Morley, Appellants.
Lorene Joshua, as next friend of minors Leslie Joshua, Stacy
Joshua and Mayne Joshua; Rev. Robert Willingham, as next
friend of minor Tonya Willingham; Sara Matthews, as next
friend of Khayyan Davis, Alexa Armstrong and Karlos
Armstrong; Mrs. Alvin Hudson as next friend of Tatia
Hudson; Mrs. Hilton Taylor as next friend of Parsha Taylor,
Hilton Taylor, Jr. and Brian Taylor; Rev. John M. Miles as
next friend of Janice Miles and Derrick Miles; Rev. Robert
Willingham on behalf of and as President of the Little Rock
Branch of NAACIP; Lorene Joshua on behalf of and as
President of the North Little Rock Branch of the NAACIP;
Katherine Knight, individually and as President of the
Little Rock Classroom Teachers Association (LRCTA); LRCTA;
Ed Bullington, individually and as President of the Pulaski
Association of Classroom Teachers (PACT); PACT; John
Harrison, individually and as President of the North Little
Rock Classroom Teachers Association (NLRCTA); NLRCTA;
Milton Jackson, individually and as a Noncertified
Educational Support Employee of the Little Rock School
District, Appellees.
LITTLE ROCK SCHOOL DISTRICT, Appellee,
v.
ARKANSAS STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION; Wayne Hartsfield;
Walter Turnbow; Harry A. Haines; Jim Dupree; Dr. Harry P.
McDonald; Robert L. Newton; Alice L. Preston; Jeff
Starling; Earle Love, Appellants.
Lorene Joshua, as next friend of minors Leslie Joshua, Stacy
Joshua and Mayne Joshua; Rev. Robert Willingham, as next
friend of minor Tonya Willingham; Sara Matthews, as next
friend of Khayyan Davis, Alexa Armstrong and Karlos
Armstrong; Mrs. Alvin Hudson as next friend of Tatia
Hudson; Mrs. Hilton Taylor as next friend of Parsha Taylor,
Hilton Taylor, Jr. and Brian Taylor; Rev. John M. Miles as
next friend of Janice Miles and Derrick Miles; Rev. Robert
Willingham on behalf of and as President of the Little Rock
Branch of NAACIP; Lorene Joshua on behalf of and as
President of the North Little Rock Branch of the NAACIP;
Katherine Knight, individually and as President of the
Little Rock Classroom Teachers Association (LRCTA); LRCTA;
Ed Bullington, individually and as President of the Pulaski
Association of Classroom Teachers (PACT); PACT; John
Harrison, individually and as President of the North Little
Rock Classroom Teachers Association (NLRCTA); NLRCTA;
Milton Jackson, individually and as a Noncertified
Educational Support Employee of the Little Rock School
District, Appellees.
Eighth Circuit.
Decided Nov. 7, 1985.
Page 407
Phil Neal, Chicago, Ill., for Pulaski County.
Phil Lyon, Little Rock, Ark., for North Little Rock School Dist.
Steve Clark, Atty. Gen., Little Rock, Ark., for Arkansas State Bd.
William Bradford Reynolds, Washington, D.C., for amicus Dept. of Justice.
Philip E. Kaplan, P.A. Hollingsworth, John M. Billheimer, Janet Pulliam, Little Rock, Ark., for Little Rock School Dist.
Theodore Shaw, New York City, for Joshua intervenors.
Before LAY, Chief Judge, and HEANEY, BRIGHT, ROSS, McMILLIAN, ARNOLD, JOHN R. GIBSON, FAGG and BOWMAN, Circuit Judges, En Banc.
HEANEY, Circuit Judge.
The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas, after trial, found that the defendants Pulaski County Special School District (PCSSD), the North Little Rock School District (NLRSD) and the Board of Education of the State of Arkansas (State Board) contributed to the continuing segregation of the Little Rock schools, and that an interdistrict remedy
Page 408
was appropriate. The district court ordered consolidation of the three school districts, establishment of a uniform millage rate, elimination of discriminatory practices, and creation of magnet schools to enhance educational opportunities in the new district. It held that the State Board had remedial, financial and oversight responsibilities that would be detailed at a later date. The defendants appeal from the district court's order. In addition, the Joshua intervenors, representing black parents and students, filed a brief in support of the district court's judgment, and the United States filed an amicus curiae brief in general support of the appellants.We hold that the district court's findings on liability are not clearly erroneous and that intra- and interdistrict relief is appropriate. We find, however, that the violations can be remedied by less intrusive measures than consolidation. These measures, most of which were suggested by the defendant school districts or the Joshua intervenors, include authorizing the district court to make limited adjustments, after a hearing, to the boundaries between Little Rock School District (LRSD) and PCSSD, correcting the segregative practices within each of the individual school districts, improving the quality of any remaining nonintegrated schools in LRSD, providing compensatory and remedial programs for black children in all three school districts, authorizing the district court to establish, after a hearing, a limited number of magnet schools and programs open to all students in Pulaski County, and requiring the State Board to participate in funding the compensatory, remedial and quality education programs, in establishing and maintaining the magnet schools, and in monitoring plan progress. We remand to the district court for action consistent with this opinion.
I. BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY.
Pulaski County is the most heavily populated metropolitan area in Arkansas, encompassing three independent school districts: LRSD, NLRSD, and PCSSD. The LRSD covers fifty-three square miles and comprises about sixty percent of the City of Little Rock. Although the population of the City of Little Rock is approximately two-thirds white, in the 1983-84 school year, seventy percent of LRSD's 19,052 students were black. Along with NLRSD, LRSD is one of the oldest continuously operating school districts in Arkansas. The NLRSD covers twenty-six square miles and comprises nearly all of the City of North Little Rock. Its 1983-84 student population was 9,051 (36% black, 64% white). The PCSSD surrounds LRSD and NLRSD. Created in 1927 through the consolidation of thirty-eight rural independent school districts, it covers 755 square miles and contains the remainder of the county not included in the other two school districts. In 1983-84, it had 27,839 students (22% black, 78% white). Each of the three districts currently operates under a court-ordered desegregation decree, and none of the districts has achieved unitary status.
On November 30, 1982, LRSD filed this action against PCSSD, NLRSD, the State of Arkansas, and the State Board. 1 On April 13, 1983, the district court dismissed the claim against the State of Arkansas but refused to take similar action concerning the State Board, holding that the Board is a proper party in light of its general supervisory relationship with the individual school districts, and the allegations that it has carried out its duties in a manner which increased segregation in Little Rock. The district court concluded that the dismissal of the State of Arkansas had no practical effect on the disposition of the lawsuit. Little Rock School District v. Pulaski
Page 409
County Special School District, 560 F.Supp. 876, 878 (E.D.Ark.1983). The district court separated the liability and remedy phases of the litigation and held liability hearings from January 3-13, 1984.On April 13, 1984, the district court issued its decision on liability, finding that PCSSD and NLRSD had failed to establish unitary, integrated school districts and had committed unconstitutional and racially discriminatory acts which resulted in "significant and substantial interdistrict segregation." Little Rock School District v. Pulaski County Special School District, 584 F.Supp. 328, 351-53 (E.D.Ark.1984). It concluded that these two school districts had taken actions which had substantial interdistrict segregative effects on education in each of the school districts in the county, and that the districts had failed to redress these segregative effects which they had perpetuated for over a century. The district court also reiterated its holding that the State Board was a "necessary party who must be made subject to the Court's remedial order." 584 F.Supp. at 352-53. It concluded that the only long- or short-term solution to these interdistrict violations is consolidation, and it scheduled hearings to...
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Jenkins by Agyei v. State of Mo., R-5 and D
...interdistrict school desegregation cases. See, e.g., Little Rock School District v. Pulaski County Special School District No. 1, 778 F.2d 404 (8th Cir.1985); Liddell v. Missouri, 731 F.2d 1294 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 816, 105 S.Ct. 82, 83 L.Ed.2d 30 (1984). 12 We draw our basic ......
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U.S. v. Lawrence County School Dist., No. 86-4047
...99 S.Ct. 2941, 2950-51 & nn. 13 & 14, 61 L.Ed.2d 666 (1979). 23 Cf. Little Rock School Dist. v. Pulaski County Special School Dist. No. 1, 778 F.2d 404 (8th Cir.1985). 24 See Pasadena City Bd. of Educ. v. Spangler, 427 U.S., 424, 434-36, 96 S.Ct. 2697, 2704, 49 L.Ed.2d 599 (1976). 25 699 F.......
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Stanley v. Darlington County School District, Civ. No. 4:62-7749-22 (D. S.C. 3/1/1995), Civ. No. 4:62-7749-22.
...the basis of state actions similar to those found by the court in this case. Little Rock Sch. Dist. v. Pulaski County Special Sch. Dist., 778 F.2d 404, 435-436 (8th Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1186 (1986); Board of Educ. for City of Savannah and County of Chatham v. Georgia, No. 490-......
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US v. City of Yonkers, No. 80 Civ. 6761 (LBS).
...and concentration of segregated housing within a city. See, e.g., Little Rock Sch. Dist. v. Pulaski County Special Sch. Dist. No. 1, 778 F.2d 404, 426 (8th Cir.1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1186, 106 S.Ct. 2926, 2927, 91 L.Ed.2d 554 (1986); Evans v. Buchanan, 393 F.Supp. 428, 435, 438 (D.De......
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Jenkins by Agyei v. State of Mo., R-5 and D
...interdistrict school desegregation cases. See, e.g., Little Rock School District v. Pulaski County Special School District No. 1, 778 F.2d 404 (8th Cir.1985); Liddell v. Missouri, 731 F.2d 1294 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 816, 105 S.Ct. 82, 83 L.Ed.2d 30 (1984). 12 We draw our basic ......
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U.S. v. Lawrence County School Dist., No. 86-4047
...99 S.Ct. 2941, 2950-51 & nn. 13 & 14, 61 L.Ed.2d 666 (1979). 23 Cf. Little Rock School Dist. v. Pulaski County Special School Dist. No. 1, 778 F.2d 404 (8th Cir.1985). 24 See Pasadena City Bd. of Educ. v. Spangler, 427 U.S., 424, 434-36, 96 S.Ct. 2697, 2704, 49 L.Ed.2d 599 (1976). 25 699 F.......
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Stanley v. Darlington County School District, Civ. No. 4:62-7749-22 (D. S.C. 3/1/1995), Civ. No. 4:62-7749-22.
...the basis of state actions similar to those found by the court in this case. Little Rock Sch. Dist. v. Pulaski County Special Sch. Dist., 778 F.2d 404, 435-436 (8th Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1186 (1986); Board of Educ. for City of Savannah and County of Chatham v. Georgia, No. 490-......
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US v. City of Yonkers, No. 80 Civ. 6761 (LBS).
...and concentration of segregated housing within a city. See, e.g., Little Rock Sch. Dist. v. Pulaski County Special Sch. Dist. No. 1, 778 F.2d 404, 426 (8th Cir.1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1186, 106 S.Ct. 2926, 2927, 91 L.Ed.2d 554 (1986); Evans v. Buchanan, 393 F.Supp. 428, 435, 438 (D.De......