Lodge v. Drake

• Decision Date: 05 February 1952
• Docket Number: No. 47997,47997
• Parties: LODGE v. DRAKE.
• Court: Iowa Supreme Court

Page 418

51 N.W.2d 418

243 Iowa 628

LODGE v. DRAKE.

No. 47997.

Supreme Court of Iowa.

Feb. 5, 1952.

Rehearing Denied April 4, 1952.

John B. Reilly, Clinton E. Shaeffer, of Cedar Rapids, for appellant.

Stewart Holmes, of Cedar Rapids, for appellee.

MULRONEY, Justice.

This appeal presents the question as to whether the remedy for an industrial injury to a minor, employed in violation of the child labor laws, is exclusively under the workmen's compensation law. The question arose by reason of a motion to dismiss the petition of Daniel H. Lodge filed by his father and next friend against the defendant, W. A. Drake, doing business as the Me Too Food Market. The petition alleged Daniel was 15 years old; that he was an employee of defendant on July 6, 1950 when he injured his hand while engaged in cleaning an electrically operated meat grinder and chopper in defendant's store. Facts were alleged supporting the general allegations that Daniel's employment was in violation of the Child Labor Laws of this state and particularly Sections 92.1, 92.2 and 92.4, Code 1950, I.C.A.

Defendant moved to dismiss the petition on the ground it shows plaintiff was an employee of defendant and injured in the course of his employment and consequently he has a remedy under the workmen's compensation law and that remedy is exclusive. The trial court sustained the motion and dismissed the petition and plaintiff appeals.

I. In Secklich v. Harris-Emery Co., 184 Iowa 1025, 169 N.W. 325, we held, in line with authorities from other jurisdictions, that our workmen's compensation statutes at that time (1918) were inapplicable in the case of an injury to a minor whose employment was unlawful. See also notes, 14 A.L.R. 818, 33 A.L.R. 338, and 49 A.L.R. 1436. Following those early decisions amendments to the workmen's compensation laws, making some provision for minor employees employed in violation of law, were reported in many states. In the Biennial Report of the Iowa Industrial Commission to the Governor in 1944 the Commissioner made the following recommendation:

'At this time there are a large number of minor employees who are engaged in the employment of industry, a number of whom have sustained serious injuries. The Iowa Workmen's Compensation Law does not make any specific provision as to whether or not such minor employees are covered by the workmen's compensation law of this State.

'It is therefore recommended that the compensation law be amended so that a minor employee who is illegally employed under the terms of the Iowa Child Labor Laws, or otherwise illegally employed, may have an option as to whether or not he may recover under the compensation law of this state or by a civil action at law.'

The next legislature, after the above report and recommendation amended the Workmen's Compensation Law, or Chapter 85 of the Code of 1950 by adding to sub-section 4 of section 85.61 the following, 51st G.A. Chap. 79: 'Notwithstanding any law prohibiting the employment of minors all minor employees shall be entitled to the benefits of this chapter and chapters 86 and 87 regardless of the age of such minor employee.'

The single question presented is whether the above amendment, providing the illegally employed minor 'shall be entitled to the benefits' of the workmen's compensation law, limits the minor to the remedy of workmen's compensation proceedings, or whether he has the option to proceed under the workmen's compensation law or sue at common law.

II. The specific phrase which we are called upon to interpret is: 'shall be entitled to the benefits of'. Admittedly this gave to the illegally employed minor a remedy for an accident arising out of and in the course of his employment that he did not have before. The word 'shall' is to be construed as permissive for the statute is designed as a grant of a right or benefit. See 59 C.J., Statutes, § 635 at page 1086: 'Where a statute makes that legal and possible which otherwise there would be no authority to do, it will be construed as permissive only, although using the word 'shall'.' See also Carpenter v. Newland, 92 Misc. 596, 156 N.Y.S. 438.

The Utah workmen's compensation law contains a somewhat similar provision, the statute reading: 'said (illegally employed) minor shall not be debarred from receiving compensation, but shall be entitled to double the compensation to which he would be entitled if legally employed'. U.C.A.1943, 14-6-27. (Italics supplied.) In Ortega v. Salt Lake Wet Wash Laundry, 108 Utah 1, 156 P.2d 885, 886, a civil action by an illegally employed minor against his employer, a similar contention was...