Loesch v. State

• Decision Date: 18 December 1997
• Docket Number: No. 814-96,814-96
• Citation: 958 S.W.2d 830
• Parties: David Wayne LOESCH, Appellant, v. The STATE of Texas.
• Court: Texas Court of Criminal Appeals

Page 830

958 S.W.2d 830

David Wayne LOESCH, Appellant, v. The STATE of Texas.

No. 814-96.

Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas,

En Banc.

Dec. 18, 1997.

Brian Wice, Houston, Rober Bellows, Three Rivers, for appellant.

Jeffrey L. Van Horn, Asst. State's Atty., Matthew Paul, States's Atty., Austin, for the State.

Before the court en banc.

OPINION ON STATE'S PROSECUTING ATTORNEY'S PETITION FOR

DISCRETIONARY REVIEW

KELLER, Judge, delivered the opinion of the Court, in which McCORMICK, Presiding Judge, and MANSFIELD, PRICE, HOLLAND, and WOMACK, Judges, joined.

Appellant entered a plea of "no contest" to possession of marijuana. He complained on appeal that the trial court erred in refusing to grant his motion to suppress. The Court of Appeals agreed and reversed. The State contends that the Court of Appeals improperly applied a de novo review standard on whether certain facts give rise to reasonable suspicion. The State also contends that the Court of Appeals erred, even under a de novo standard of review, because it viewed each of the factors relating to reasonable suspicion in isolation, instead of in combination with each other.

The following factors were evaluated by the Court of Appeals in determining whether reasonable suspicion exists:

(1) Characteristics of the area: A roving border patrol stopped appellant's vehicle along Highway 59, several miles beyond an immigration checkpoint. Two agents testified that illegal aliens are often smuggled through the area, and that they frequently walk through the brush around the checkpoint, and then catch rides with willing drivers on the other side.

(2) Drivers' Behavior: The patrol saw two vehicles riding bumper-to-bumper. Both drivers seemed nervous and rigid, staring straight ahead when the patrol car shined its headlights at the vehicles. When the patrol car approached, one of the vehicles sped up while the other slowed down--making pursuit of both vehicles difficult.

(3) Aspects of the cars: The vehicles in question were older cars with large trunks, commonly used to smuggle illegal aliens, and the cars looked weighed down, as if they were heavily loaded. ¹

The Court of Appeals basically conducted a deferential review of the historical facts and a de novo determination of whether those facts give rise to reasonable suspicion. This review is consistent with our recent pronouncement in Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 88-89 (Tex.Crim.App.1997). However, in conducting its de novo review of the reasonable suspicion issue, the Court of Appeals has apparently examined each of the different factors in isolation to determine whether each militates in favor of or against a finding of reasonable suspicion. See Loesch v. State, 921 S.W.2d 405, 408-409 (Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 1996). Because reasonable suspicion is determined by the totality of the circumstances, an appellate court must look at all of the facts together to make the reasonable suspicion determination; facts that do not show reasonable suspicion in isolation may do so when combined with other facts. See United States v. Brignoni-Ponce, 422 U.S. 873, 885 n. 10, 95 S.Ct. 2574, 2582 n.10, 45 L.Ed.2d 607 (1975).

Moreover, the Court of Appeals has also apparently utilized the "as consistent with innocent activity as with criminal activity" construct in at least part of its opinion. Loesch, 921 S.W.2d at 409 (citing Johnson v. State, 658 S.W.2d 623, 626 (Tex.Crim.App.1983)). We have recently disavowed the use of that construct. Woods v. State, 956 S.W.2d 33 (Tex.Crim.App.1997).

We vacate the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remand this cause for proceedings consistent with this opinion. ²

OVERSTREET, J., dissents.

BAIRD, Judge, dissenting.

The majority chooses to reverse the Court of Appeals opinion because, although the Court of Appeals used the correct de novo standard of review, it was incorrectly applied. Because the correct analysis has already been completed by the Court of Appeals with the appropriate deference to the trial court, I dissent.

I.

Appellant was originally suspected by the U.S. Border Patrol of transporting undocumented aliens. Appellant aroused the suspicion of the agents because he was driving an older vehicle which appeared weighted down and was very close to another vehicle. Further, the vehicles were located several miles from an immigration checkpoint. The Court of Appeals gave deference to the historical facts of the trial court and conducted a review based upon the totality of the circumstances. Loesch, 921 S.W.2d 405, 408 (Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 1996).

This Court has recently held "reasonable suspicion and probable cause should be reviewed de novo on appeal." Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 87 (Tex.Cr.App.1997) (citing Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 116 S.Ct. 1657, 134 L.Ed.2d 911 (1996)). As this Court opined, "if the issue is whether an officer had probable cause to seize a suspect, under the totality of the circumstances, the trial judge is not in an appreciably better position than the reviewing court to make that determination." Guzman, at 87. A careful review of the Court of Appeals opinion reveals that the Court took every historical fact as the trial court found it. Loesch, 921 S.W.2d at 407. Only after the Court applied the proper legal analysis, was the trial court's decision determined erroneous. Id., at 411. The Court held:

... [t]his court cannot warrant roving searched based on the nervous appearance of drivers in older cars who happen to drive down certain highways, absent other articulable facts which create reasonable suspicion. While we are of the opinion that the State did testify as to some of the criteria stated in Brignoni-Ponce which might, together with other factors justify reasonable suspicion, the totality of the circumstances in this case could not warrant the seizure and inspection of appellant's vehicle." Id., at 410-11. (Emphasis in the original.)

The Court of Appeals applied the proper de novo standard of review in this case, accepting every issue of credibility in favor of the State, yet applying the proper legal analysis. As a court of discretionary jurisdiction, we must give all due deference to the courts of appeals when they properly conduct their reviews. When the Court of Appeals adequately and properly analyzes the issue, "there is no need for this court to reevaluate it." Cofield v. State, 891 S.W.2d 952, 957 (Tex.Cr.App.1994). It is not, and has never been, the function of this Court in non-capital cases to function as an intermediate appellate court. For that reason, when a Court of Appeals applies the proper standard, giving deference to the findings of the trial judge, we should not usurp their role.

II.

Under controlling Supreme Court precedent, the Court of Appeals determined there was not reasonable suspicion to stop this vehicle. See, United States v. Brignoni-Ponce, 422 U.S. 873, 95 S.Ct. 2574, 45 L.Ed.2d 607 (1975). Further, the Court of Appeals analyzed this case under current Texas law and held "there was no indication that [the border agent's] suspicions were anything more than a 'hunch' in this case, and therefore could not justify stopping appellant's car." Loesch, 921 S.W.2d at 410 (citing Saenz v. State, 842 S.W.2d 286, 288 (Tex.Cr.App.1992)).

The majority singles out certain aspects of the Court of Appeals opinion and singularly analyzes those points, without giving deference to the total de novo review of the Court of Appeals. For example, the majority's contention that the Court of Appeals used the wrong standard in looking at the "older vehicle" factor is disingenuous. Ante, at 831. The "as consistent with innocent activity test" was the standard when the case was decided and ultimately, there is only the briefest of considerations of that standard. As we recently decided in Woods v. State, 956 S.W.2d 33 (Tex.Cr.App.1997), that test is no longer the standard. Woods states "that the reasonableness of a temporary detention must be examined in terms of the totality of the circumstances and will be justified when the detaining officer has specific articulable facts, which taken together with rational inferences from those facts, lead him to conclude that the person detained actually is, has been, or soon will be engaged in criminal activity." Id., 956 S.W.2d 33, 38.

The following historical facts give due deference to the trial court's determinations:

1. Two older cars

2. driving under 50 miles per hour

3. appearing heavily loaded

4. at 1:30 a.m.

5. many miles from an immigration checkpoint

6. with drivers not looking at passing police officers

7. and contemporaneously appearing nervous.

If this Court were to analyze the articulable facts and correctly apply the Woods "totality of the circumstances test" along with the Brignoni-Ponce factors, it appears many people are subject to lawful detentions if they happen to drive an older car slowly at night and don't look at a police officer driving by them. Under a de novo review, those factors do not give rise to reasonable suspicion.

Because the Court of Appeals correctly decided the issue giving deference to the findings of the trial court, I respectfully dissent to the majority holding otherwise.

MEYERS, Judge, dissenting.

The Court ignores precedent barely one month old in its disposition of this case. I dissent.

Although this case is virtually identical in every respect to Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85 (Tex.Crim.App.1997), the two cases are not disposed of in the same manner. In both the instant case and Guzman,...