Long v. Harris, No. COA99-454.

• Decision Date: 18 April 2000
• Docket Number: No. COA99-454.
• Citation: 137 NC App. 461,528 S.E.2d 633
• Parties: Getty Dale LONG and Dale A. Long, Plaintiffs, v. Ron Russell HARRIS, Defendant.
• Court: North Carolina Court of Appeals

528 S.E.2d 633

137 NC App. 461

Getty Dale LONG and Dale A. Long, Plaintiffs, v. Ron Russell HARRIS, Defendant.

No. COA99-454.

Court of Appeals of North Carolina.

April 18, 2000.

Tippens & Zurosky, L.L.P., by Kirk S. Zurosky, Charlotte, for plaintiffs-appellants.

Crosswhite & Crosswhite, P.A., by William E. Crosswhite, Statesville, for defendant-appellee.

JOHN, Judge.

Plaintiffs Dale A. Long and Getty Dale Long (Mr. and Mrs. Long) appeal, assigning error to certain aspects of a jury trial resulting in a verdict in favor of defendant Ron Russell Harris. We conclude the trial court committed no error.

Relevant factual and procedural information includes the following: On 22 December 1995, Mrs. Long and defendant were each operating their automobiles in the same direction on U.S. Highway 70 in Burke County. As Mrs. Long conducted a right turn into the driveway of the residence of her son, Gary Long (Gary), defendant's automobile veered off the side of the roadway, jumped the curb, and impacted Mrs. Long's vehicle on the passenger side.

Plaintiffs filed the instant suit 20 November 1996, seeking damages for injuries to Mrs. Long's left ankle, foot, neck and back, and for loss of consortium by Mr. Long. Defendant answered denying negligence and asserting that

he was confronted with a certain sudden emergency, to which he did not contribute in any manner, when an unidentified motor vehicle pulled into the path of the [d]efendant and in such close proximity to him, whereupon [d]efendant immediately applied his brakes and turned to the right and left the roadway in order to avoid colliding with the vehicle that had pulled into his path of travel, and in so doing, the [d]efendant was unable to avoid colliding with [Mrs. Long's] vehicle....

The case was tried before a jury 18 November 1998. Plaintiffs offered testimony from both Mr. and Mrs. Long and their son, Gary. During Gary's testimony, plaintiffs sought to introduce his observations of defendant's habitual manner of driving. Following a voir dire hearing, the trial court rejected the tendered evidence.

At the close of plaintiffs' evidence and again at the close of defendant's evidence, plaintiffs moved for directed verdict pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 1A-1, Rule 50(a) (1999), which motions were denied by the trial court. Over plaintiffs' objections, the trial court instructed the jury on the doctrine of sudden emergency. The jury returned a verdict in favor of defendant and plaintiffs timely appealed.

Plaintiffs first assign error to the exclusion of Gary's testimony regarding defendant's driving habits. This assignment of error is unfounded.

During the voir dire hearing conducted by the trial court, Gary testified he had been at home "every day" recovering from an eye injury during the "previous month before this accident happened," and that he had observed defendant operating his automobile on Highway 70 "every day" from a "picture window facing the road." According to Gary, defendant passed in front of his residence driving "[w]ide open as usual" on the day prior to the collision. Further, defendant had driven the "same way" on each previous occasion.

The North Carolina Rules of Evidence provide that

[e]vidence of the habit of a person .... is relevant to prove that the conduct of the person ... on a particular occasion was in conformity with the habit or routine practice.

N.C.G.S. § 8C-l, Rule 406 (Rule 406) (1999).

[O]ur case law establishes that "habit" may be proven by testimony of a witness who is sufficiently familiar with the person's conduct to conclude that the conduct in question is habitual.

....

... Before evidence of ... conduct may be admitted to prove habit, however, the trial court must ... determine the reliability and probative value of the proffered evidence.

Crawford v. Fayez, 112 N.C.App. 328, 332, 335, 435 S.E.2d 545, 548, 549 (1993), disc. review denied, 335 N.C. 553, 441 S.E.2d 113 (1994).

Further, whether the proffered evidence is

sufficient to establish habit is a question to be decided on a case-by-case basis, and the trial court's rulings thereon will not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion.

Id. at 335, 435 S.E.2d at 550; see also State v. Wortham, 80 N.C.App. 54, 62, 341 S.E.2d 76, 81 (1986) (decision to admit evidence rests in discretion of trial court), rev'd on other grounds, 318 N.C. 669, 351 S.E.2d 294 (1987). An

[a]buse of discretion results where the court's ruling is manifestly unsupported by reason or is so arbitrary that it could not have been the result of a reasoned decision.

State v. Hennis, 323 N.C. 279, 285, 372 S.E.2d 523, 527 (1988).

Given the vague and imprecise nature of Gary's testimony regarding defendant's speed (defendant was driving "wide open") and Gary's potential, albeit understandable, interest in the outcome of the case as the son of plaintiffs, we cannot say the trial court's ruling appears "manifestly unsupported by reason or ... so arbitrary that it could not have been the result of a reasoned decision." Id. The court therefore did not abuse its discretion by excluding Gary's testimony on this issue, see Crawford, 112 N.C.App. at 335,435 S.E.2d at 550, and plaintiffs' first assignment of error fails.

Plaintiffs next assign error to the trial court's denial of their motions for directed verdict. Originally, plaintiffs also assigned error to the denial of their new trial motion. However, as that point was not argued in plaintiffs' appellate brief, it is deemed abandoned under our Rules of Appellate Procedure (the Rules). See N.C.R.App. P. 28(b)(5) ("[a]ssignments of error not set out in the appellant's brief, or in support of which no reason or argument is stated or authority cited, will be taken as abandoned").

Plaintiffs insist the evidence adduced at trial led to "no other possible logical conclusion other than that [defendant] was negligent" in that he operated his vehicle "at a speed that was greater than [wa]s reasonable and prudent under the conditions then existing" and did not "keep a reasonably careful lookout."

The question presented by a motion for a directed verdict is whether the evidence is sufficient to entitle the non-movant to have a jury decide the issue in question.

United Laboratories, Inc. v. Kuykendall, 322 N.C. 643, 661, 370 S.E.2d 375, 387 (1988). Upon a motion for directed verdict, the evidence must be considered in the light most favorable to the non-movant, resolving all conflicts in the latter's favor, id., and giving to the non-movant "the benefit of all reasonable inferences that may be drawn from that evidence," Abels v. Renfro Corp., 335 N.C. 209, 215, 436 S.E.2d 822, 825 (1993).

Moreover, if there is conflicting testimony that permits different inferences, one of which is favorable to the non-moving party, a directed verdict in favor of the party with the burden of proof is improper.

United Laboratories, 322 N.C. at 662, 370 S.E.2d at 386.

In addition, we note our courts have repeatedly observed that it "is seldom appropriate to direct a verdict in a negligence action," Stanfield v. Tilghman, 342 N.C. 389, 394, 464 S.E.2d 294, 297 (1995), particularly in favor of the party with the burden of proof, see La Notte, Inc. v. New Way Gourmet, Inc., 83 N.C.App. 480, 484, 350 S.E.2d 889, 891 (1986) (directed verdicts for party with burden of proof "rarely granted, because there will ordinarily remain in issue the credibility of the evidence"), cert. denied, 319 N.C. 459, 354 S.E.2d 888 (1987). Further, "[n]egligence is not presumed from the mere fact of injury." Roumillat v. Simplistic Enterprises, Inc., 331 N.C. 57, 68, 414 S.E.2d 339, 345 (1992).

Review of the evidence adduced at trial in the light most favorable to defendant, see United Laboratories, 322 N.C. at 661, 370 S.E.2d at 386, reveals the latter's testimony that he was driving at "[a]bout thirty, thirty-five" miles per hour when suddenly a "truck pull[ed] out ... [and] swerv[ed] in front of" him. According to defendant, he "turned [his] wheels to keep from hitting it and ... hit the brakes" and then "hit that curb thing and that's when [he] hit" Mrs. Long. Roger Willis, a witness to the collision, also testified that a truck crossed over Highway 70 just before the accident "quick like he saw somebody coming [and] wanted to speed up and hurry and get across."

Construing all inferences in defendant's favor as we must, see Abels, 335 N.C. at 215,436 S.E.2d at 825, the record thus reflects evidence that a truck suddenly crossed in front of the automobile operated by defendant, causing him to brake and swerve to his right to avoid colliding with that truck, whereupon he struck Mrs. Long's vehicle as she was turning into the driveway of her son's residence. Although plaintiffs presented conflicting evidence as to defendant's speed and opportunity to avoid the collision at issue, defendant's showing permitted the inference that he was not negligent. The trial court therefore properly denied the directed verdict motion of plaintiffs, the party with the burden of proof. See United Laboratories, 322 N.C. at 662, 370 S.E.2d at 386; see also La Notte, Inc.,83 N.C.App. at 484,350 S.E.2d at 891.

Lastly, plaintiffs contend the trial court erred by instructing the jury on the doctrine of sudden emergency. We do not agree.

[T]he doctrine of sudden emergency provides a less stringent standard of care for one who, through no fault of his own, is suddenly and unexpectedly confronted with imminent danger to himself or others.

Holbrook v. Henley, 118 N.C.App. 151, 153, 454 S.E.2d 676, 677-78 (1995). For the doctrine to apply, two elements must coincide. First, "an emergency situation must exist requiring immediate action to avoid injury." Conner v. Continental Industrial Chemicals, 123 N.C.App. 70, 73, 472 S.E.2d 176, 179 (1996). To satisfy this element, the party asserting the doctrine "must have perceived the emergency circumstance and reacted to it." Pinckney v. Baker, 130 N.C.App. 670, 673, 504...