Lovejoy v. Town Of Darien.

• Decision Date: 18 January 1945
• Citation: 131 Conn. 533,41 A.2d 98
• Court: Connecticut Supreme Court
• Parties: LOVEJOY v. TOWN OF DARIEN.

131 Conn. 533

41 A.2d 98

LOVEJOY

v.TOWN OF DARIEN.

Supreme Court of Errors of Connecticut.

Jan. 18, 1945.

Appeal from Superior Court, Fairfield County; Murphy, Judge.

Action by Frederick F. Lovejoy against Town of Darien for an injunction requiring the defendant to remove its pipeline from the plaintiff's oyster grounds and for damages. Judgment was entered awarding damages to the plaintiff, and the defendant appeals.

No error.

Mark W. Norman, and Frederick Miles, both of Stamford, for appellant.

John M. Comley, of Stamford, for appellee.

Before MALTBIE, C. J., and BROWN, JENNINGS, ELLS and DICKENSON, JJ.

JENNINGS, Judge.

The defendant was authorized by statute to construct a sewer system. It laid its outfall pipe through the plaintiff's oyster bed, destroying it and the oysters thereon. The question to be decided is whether the trial court was justified in awarding damages to the plaintiff.

The finding, with such corrections as the evidence requires, may be summarized as follows for the purposes of this appeal: The plaintiff is the owner of a franchise for the cultivation of oysters on approximately eight acres of land under the waters of Long Island Sound in the town of Darien. His rights were originally granted to his predecessors in title by the oyster committee of the town of Darien under the provisions of section 2, chapter 92, of the Public Acts of 1855, now General Statutes, § 3293. The plaintiff purchased the ground in 1935 for $500. It was regarded as the safest and best oyster ground in the town of Darien.

A special act, 21 Sp. Laws 1931, p. 244, authorized the defendant to ‘construct, alter and repair, maintain and operate, sewage disposal plants, sewers or drains in, on or over any of the public lands, highways or elsewhere in the town of Darien.’ In 1939, the defendant pursuant thereto contracted with an independent contractor for the construction of an outfall pipe through the plaintiff's oyster ground from its sewage disposal plant on shore to a point in the Sound about 1600 feet out from high-water mark. This pipe was laid in a trench from 2 to 6 feet in depth and 6 to 8 feet in width. As a result of the excavation and backfilling, mud and other material were spread over the ground, and its usefulness as an oyster bed was destroyed, as were the oysters on the bed. The plaintiff removed 4,000 bushels of oysters from the bed before the work started but 2,200 bushels remained on the ground and, as has been stated above, were destroyed. These oysters were worth $1 per bushel. The defendant gave no formal notice to the plaintiff of its intention to do this work, although he apprehended some months before it was done that the sewer outfall might cross his oyster bed.

The trial court concluded that the defendant did not have the legal right to destroy the plaintiff's oyster ground and the oysters thereon without making compensation and awarded damages to him of $3,000 for the destruction of the franchise, $800 for the expense in removing 4,000 bushels of oysters, and $2,200 as the value of the oysters left on the bed. The principal claim of the defendant was that the general public is the absolute owner of land under navigable waters to the extent that damage to an individual as a result of acts done by the sovereign with respect to submerged land is damnum absque injuria.

Certain rulings on evidence were assigned as error. They are not set up in accordance with approved practice. Each numbered paragraph contains numerous rulings and the evidence recited covers nearly twenty printed pages. Ordinarily each ruling assigned as error should be stated in a separate paragraph. Rogoff v. Southern New England Contractors Supply Co., Inc., 129 Conn. 687, 689, 31 A.2d 29; Conn.App.Proc. p. 117, note 17. As nearly as can be ascertained, there were four principal rulings claimed by the defendant to be erroneous. The plaintiff, as owner, testified to the value of his franchise based upon prices paid by him for other oyster grounds in the vicinity. Even without his long experience as an oyster grower, such evidence by an owner would be admissible. 20 Am.Jur. 751, § 892. The admission of evidence of the plaintiff's son as to the value of the bed was within the discretion of the trial court, Wray v. Fairfield Amusement Co., 126 Conn. 221, 224, 10 A.2d 600; as was the ruling excluding testimony of a witness who had not worked on the ground for twenty-seven years. Rosenstein v. Fair Haven & W. R. Co., 78 Conn. 29, 34, 60 A. 1061. The owner was asked the following question on cross-examination for the purpose of showing that at the time he purchased this property he was fully advised as to the rights of the town, state and United States to this oyster ground: ‘In estimating that value did you take into consideration any claim to use of the bed that the Town of Darien or the State of Connecticut or the United States Government might have?’ The question was proper cross-examination to bring out the elements on which the witness' opinion of value was based. Its exclusion was harmless, however, in view of the conclusion reached that the claim asserted by the town was not good. The defendant takes nothing by these assignments of error.

The defendant has made a very thorough analysis of the authorities but the general purport of its brief is to invoke a similar rule to that which would apply had the federal government dredged through these beds to make a ship's channel essential for the navigation of the harbor. That, of course, is not the case. The town was authorized to build a sewage disposal plant and elected to lay its outfall pipe through the plaintiff's oyster bed. It is difficult to see any difference between the destruction of the plaintiff's oyster bed, duly leased by him from the state, and the taking of a lot of land on shore for a sewer bed.

In the first place, when dealing with navigable waters, the right of the state or United States, and particularly the latter, to maintain full rights of navigation are complete and any claims to private rights in the soil underlying navigable waters are subject thereto. United States v. Chicago, M. St. P. & P. R. Co., 312 U.S. 592, 313 U.S. 543, 61 S.Ct. 772, 85 L.Ed. 1064; Lewis Blue Point Oyster Co. v. Briggs, 198 N.Y. 287, 91 N.E. 846, 34 L.R.A., N.S., 1084, 19 Ann.Cas. 694, affirmed 229 U.S. 82, 33 S.Ct. 679, 57 L.Ed. 1083; Lane v. Board of Harbor Commissioners, 70 Conn. 685, 694, 40 A. 1058.

It is also an established principle in this state and by the weight of authority elsewhere that municipalities have the right to discharge sewage into tidal waters and any resulting injuries due to the dissipation of bacteria through the waters in their natural movement are damnum absque injuria. This was the point of Lovejoy v. Norwalk, 112 Conn. 199, 152 A. 210, which not only cited but reviewed many of the cases on the defendant's brief. The following quotation from this case, 112 Conn. at page 211, 152 A. at page 214, well illustrates its limitations: ‘The facts do not establish any actual destruction of or injury to the plaintiff's oysters by the deposit upon them of sewage filth or sludge, or other visible and offensive conditions, but are confined to the existence in the waters flowing over them of bacteria * * *.’ See Old Dominion Land Co. v. Warwick County, 172 Va. 160, 166, 200 S.E. 619; Du Pont Rayon Co. v. Richmond Industries, 4 Cir.,...