Malone v. Malone
| Decision Date | 13 February 1979 |
| Docket Number | No. 51685,51685 |
| Citation | 591 P.2d 296,1979 OK 21 |
| Parties | Donna Jean MALONE, Appellee, v. Sammy E. MALONE, Appellant. |
| Court | Oklahoma Supreme Court |
Appeal from the District Court of Cleveland County, Alma B. Wilson, judge.
Appellant appeals from the order of the trial court which modified a decree of divorce changing child custody. Custody was modified after the court ordered an "in-home" study report of appellee's home. Appellant was not given an opportunity to examine the report or to cross-examine its author, or to defend against its contents.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
Ben T. Benedum, Benedum, Benedum & English, Norman, for appellee.
Ralph D. Huchteman, Norman, for appellant.
This appeal involves the modification of the custody of two minor children of the litigants and the procedures utilized by the trial court in reaching its decision. Custody of the children was changed from the father-appellant to the mother-appellee, after the trial court took the matter under advisement and ordered an in-home study report of the mother's home by the Department of Institutions and Social and Rehabilitative Services (DISRS) after the trial proceedings had been concluded.
The determinative question on appeal is whether the trial court erred in entering its order modifying child custody without receiving the in-home study report in open court. Appellant argues that he was denied due process of law because he was not permitted to examine the report, or to confront and cross-examine the investigator who prepared it; and that the judgment must be reversed because it was based in part on a report which was never received in evidence or made a part of the record in the case. In as much as the trial judge ordered the in-home study report, we must assume it was received and considered, thus projecting the possibility of some reliance upon it by the trial court.
Although this is a case of first impression in Oklahoma, 1 it has been considered by many jurisdictions. The overwhelming majority of the states have held either expressly or by necessary implication that an order or decree awarding or modifying custody must be based on evidence heard in open court in observance of the requirements of due process. 2 With the exception of certain matters of which the court may take judicial notice, the decision of the trial court is limited to the record made before it in open court.
Due process requires an orderly proceeding adapted to the case in which the parties have an opportunity to be heard, and to defend, enforce and protect their rights. 3 An action involving the change of custody of minor children from one parent to another is a judicial proceeding and must be conducted in a strictly judicial manner. The decision is to be rendered by the judge only upon evidence properly before him. An investigator stands in no better position than an ordinary witness, and must be available for complete cross-examination on any matter which he may report to the judge. An investigator may not make a secret report. There is no back door to the courts for witnesses, investigators, or litigants. 4 Reports of experts are aids to the court in contested custody matters. However, it must be borne in mind that they are only aids, and, if they are not woven into the fabric of the record, they should not form the basis for a decision. If such reports are taken into consideration by the trial court, they must be made available to counsel, and the preparers thereof subject to cross-examination. 5
The same question was considered in In Re Brown, 246 So.2d 166, 168 (Fla.App.1971) citing McGuire v. McGuire, 140 So.2d 354, 356 (Fla.App.1962) Wherein the Court said:
The admissibility of the report of an independent investigator in a custody modification proceeding presupposes that the ordinary rules of evidence have been complied with. It is an immutable principle of jurisprudence that where the reasonableness of an action depends on findings of fact, the evidence utilized to prove the case, consisting of testimony and documentary evidence, must be disclosed to the litigant so that he may have an opportunity to show that it is untrue. The right of a litigant to in-court presentation of evidence is essential to due process. Where important decisions turn on questions of fact, due process requires an opportunity, in almost every situation, to confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses. 6
When a court of competent jurisdiction has awarded custody of children in a divorce proceeding, there must be substantial evidence of new facts and changed conditions to authorize any modification of the original decree. 7 The burden of proof rests upon the moving party. This burden cannot be met without a regular hearing with notice to the parties. The ex parte utilization of any private or outside investigation to prepare in camera orders constitutes a denial of the constitutional guarantee of due process of law. 8
It is a recognized and established practice in this state to request DISRS to make an unbiased examination of the qualifications and circumstances of those seeking custody, and the best interests of the children. However, it has never been, nor should it be, the practice to receive such reports after trial. There is a fundamental unfairness in the reception of evidence in this manner. It amounts to a private investigation by the court in assembling and receiving evidence, out of the sight and hearing of the parties who are deprived of the opportunity to defend, rebut, or explain it. 9
The trial court had an ex parte report from DISRS before it concerning an...
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