Marr v. Rife

• Decision Date: 31 August 1973
• Docket Number: Civ. No. 70-218.
• Citation: 363 F. Supp. 1362
• Parties: William W. MARR et al., Plaintiffs, v. Douglas RIFE et al., Defendants.
• Court: U.S. District Court — Southern District of Ohio

363 F. Supp. 1362

William W. MARR et al., Plaintiffs, v. Douglas RIFE et al., Defendants.

Civ. No. 70-218.

United States District Court, S. D. Ohio, E. D.

August 31, 1973.

James J. Kozelek, Columbus, Ohio, for plaintiffs.

John E. Holzapfel, Charles T. Kaps, Columbus, Ohio, for defendants.

ORDER

CARL B. RUBIN, District Judge.

This matter comes before the Court upon plaintiffs' motion to strike defendant Arntz' demand for a trial by jury, which demand was timely filed and contained in defendant's answer as required by Fed.R.Civ.P. 38(b). The question presented for decision is whether or not a right to jury trial exists, within the meaning of the Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution, for what is solely a money damage action brought under the Civil Rights Act of 1866, 42 U.S.C.A. § 1982, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968, 42 U.S.C.A. §§ 3601 et seq.

The Seventh Amendment provides in part as follows: "In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved . . . ." (emphasis supplied). In determining whether a right to a jury trial exists in any given action, the basic inquiry to be made is whether such action, or more accurately, the particular claim in question, is historically one that could be brought at law. See, e. g., Ross v. Bernhard, 403 F.2d 909 (2d Cir. 1968), rev'd on other grounds, 396 U.S. 531, 90 S.Ct. 733, 24 L.Ed.2d 729 (1970); Wirtz v. District Council No. 21, BPDP, 211 F.Supp. 253 (D.C.Pa. 1962); Beacon Theatres v. Westover, 359 U.S. 500, 79 S.Ct. 948, 3 L.Ed.2d 988 (1959). Such inquiry requires in turn a determination first that the claim in question is "legal" rather than "equitable;" second, that such claim is triable to juries given their "practical abilities and limitations;" and third, that the parties would have been entitled to a jury trial upon such issue at the time of State ratification of the Seventh Amendment in 1791. See Ross v. Bernhard, 396 U.S. 531, 538 n. 10, 90 S.Ct. 733, 24 L.Ed.2d 729 (1970); NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., 301 U.S. 1, 57 S.Ct. 615, 81 L.Ed. 893 (1937); United States v. Louisiana, 339 U.S. 699, 70 S.Ct. 914, 94 L.Ed. 1216 (1950); Rogers v. Loether, 312 F.Supp. 1008 (E.D. Wis.1970). See also, 9 Wright and Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure: Civil § 2302 (1971).

Plaintiffs bring the instant action to recover compensatory and punitive damages for acts of racial discrimination allegedly committed against them by defendants in the negotiation for and sale of a house. There can be no doubt that the remedy plaintiffs seek is purely legal in nature; they are now in possession of the house they sought to acquire and thus do not require equitable intervention by this Court in the form of injunctive relief. Nor can there be any doubt, to the extent § 1982 controls the present action, that this Court has power to award at least compensatory damages to plaintiffs in fashioning a suitable remedy to vindicate their Federal constitutional rights, if such rights have in fact been infringed.¹ See Sullivan v. Little Hunting Park, Inc., 396 U.S. 229, 238-240, 90 S.Ct. 400, 24 L.Ed.2d 386 (1969); Jones v. Mayer Co., 392 U.S. 409, 414, 88 S.Ct. 2186, 20 L.Ed.2d 1189 (1968); J. I. Case Co. v. Borak, 377 U. S. 426, 84 S.Ct. 1555, 12 L.Ed.2d 423 (1964); Bivens v. Six Unknown Agents, 403 U.S. 388, 402-406, 91 S.Ct. 1999, 29 L.Ed.2d 619 (1971) (Harlan, J., concurring). See also, 42 U.S.C.A. § 1988.

But that the remedy sought (e.g., damages) is legal rather than equitable is the beginning, not the end, of the Court's inquiry. None of the recent Supreme Court cases construing the Seventh Amendment can be read to imply that all money claims are per se triable to a jury. Accord, Swofford v. B & W, Inc., 336 F.2d 406, 414 (5th Cir. 1964); Harkless v. Sweeny Independent School District, 427 F.2d 319, 323, 324 (5th Cir. 1970). Such a view would wholly disregard the historical antecedents of the Seventh Amendment, the "pre-merger custom" to which Ross v. Bernhard, the Court's most recent Seventh Amendment decision, expressly refers. 396 U.S. 531, 538 n. 10, 90 S.Ct. 733, 24 L.Ed.2d 729 (1969).

In our view, a determination of the right to jury in this case turns on two related questions: First, could this action have been maintained at common law at the time the Seventh Amendment was adopted? Second, should the statutes which created this cause of action be characterized as basically legal or equitable?

At the time the United States Constitution, containing the first ten amendments, was adopted, slavery was a legal and economic fact of life, explicitly sanctioned by the infamous "Three-Fifths" Clause of Article I, Section 2.² It is tautological that actions alleging racial discrimination could not have then been maintained, for race discrimination had as its support the full weight and authority of law.

It was not until the adoption of the Civil War Amendments, in particular Amendment Thirteen, in 1865, that the institution of slavery was finally and formally thereafter prohibited. Pursuant to Section 2 of Amendment Thirteen, it remained for Congress to eradicate the vestiges of this institution by appropriate legislation.³ The Civil Rights Act of 1866, supra, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968, supra, are each examples of such legislation, designed to implement by statute federal constitutional rights first created in 1865. In no sense can actions brought under these federal statutes be considered actions available at common law. Accord, Lawton v. Nightingale, 345 F.Supp. 683 (N.D.Ohio, 1972) (Young, J.); Rogers v. Loether, supra at 1010.

Unlike the Southern District Court of Texas in Ochoa v. American Oil Co., 338 F.Supp. 914 (1972), we do not find it necessary to search out common law analogues to the cause of action which this suit embraces.⁴ This is so because courts have generally construed Section 1982 and similar civil rights provisions to provide broad equitable relief, including incidental money damages where necessary to make such equitable relief effective. See, Sullivan v. Little Hunting Park, supra at 238, 90 S.Ct. 400; Jones v. Mayer Co., supra at 414, 88 S.Ct. 2186; Bivens v. Six Unknown Agents, supra, at 399-411, 91 S.Ct. 1999 (1971) (Harlan, J., concurring); Harkless v. Sweeny Independent School District, supra at 324; Swofford v. B & W, Inc., supra at 414.

The Ochoa rationale was specifically rejected by the Fifth Circuit, see Johnson v. Georgia Highway Express, Inc., 417 F.2d 1122 (5th Cir. 1969); on this authority, the Ochoa court ultimately denied defendant American Oil Company's demand for trial by jury. 338 F. Supp. at 923. In the area of civil rights most courts have rejected the approach expounded in Ochoa and have concluded that, unless specifically authorized by statute, these claims are inherently equitable and are not triable to a jury. See Robinson v. Lorillard Corp., 444 F.2d 791, 802 (4th Cir. 1971); Johnson v. Georgia Highway Express, Inc., supra at 1125; Ochoa v. American Oil Company, supra at 923 n. 6; Rogers v. Loether, supra at 1010. To the extent that Ochoa fails to adequately distinguish between "claims" and "remedies," see 338 F.Supp. at 920-921, we respectfully decline to adhere to its reasoning. To the extent Ochoa suggests that the availability of a legal remedy incidental to an equitable claim has been eradicated by Beacon Theatres, supra; Dairy Queen, supra; and Ross v. Bernhard, supra, we believe it is clearly in error, see Bivens v. Six Unknown Federal Narcotics Agents, supra at 403-404, 91 S.Ct. 1999 (Harlan, J., concurring) and reject that view.

Stated otherwise, a prayer for compensatory damages pursuant to Section 1982 and related sections is not an independent legal claim, (triable to a jury despite the joinder of such claim with an equitable claim. See Beacon Theatres, Inc. v. Westover, 359 U.S. 500, 79 S.Ct. 948, 3 L.Ed.2d 988 (1959); Dairy Queen, Inc. v. Wood, 369 U.S. 469, 82 S. Ct. 894, 8 L.Ed.2d 44 (1962); see also, Ross v. Bernhard, supra at 537-540, 90 S.Ct. 733, but rather "an integral part of the equitable remedy" which federal courts have broad power to fashion when federal constitutional rights are threatened. Harkless v. Sweeny Independent School District, supra at 324 (emphasis added). The power to fashion an appropriate equitable remedy in claims brought under the general Civil Rights Acts, including the awarding of monetary relief without resort to a jury, is part of this Court's "inherent equitable powers." Textile Workers v. Lincoln Mills, 353 U.S. 448, 460, 77 S.Ct. 912, 1 L.Ed.2d 972 (Burton, J., concurring in the result), quoted in Bivens v. Six Unknown Agents, 403 U.S. 388, 404, 91 S.Ct. 1999, 29 L.Ed. 2d 619 (Harlan, J., concurring); see also, Sullivan v. Little Hunting Park, Inc., supra at 238-240, 90 S.Ct. 400, 24 L.Ed.2d 386; J. I. Case Co. v. Borak, supra; Sprague v. Ticonic National Bank, 307 U.S. 161, 165-166, 59 S.Ct. 777, 83 L.Ed. 1184; N. L. R. B. v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., supra; Harkless v. Sweeny Independent School District, supra at 324; Lawton v. Nightingale, supra. See, generally, 5 Moore's Federal Practice, ¶ 38.27 at 2142 (2d ed.).

With the exception of the opinion of the district court in Harkless v. Sweeny Independent School District, 278 F.Supp. 632 (S.D.Tex.1970), which was expressly reversed on appeal by the Fifth Circuit, 427 F.2d 319, the defendant has cited no cases to this Court which support his position that a jury trial is available in a case arising under the Civil Rights Act of 1866, 42 U.S.C. § 1982. Similarly, this Court, after considerable independent research, has found none. We have found instead that the Supreme Court has expressly held that Congress, by enacting § 1982, has created an equitable cause of action for the protection of federally protected rights which can, at times, be remedied by the awarding of monetary damages. See Jones v. Mayer Co., supra; ...