Marriage of Bird, In re

• Decision Date: 26 January 1983
• Docket Number: No. 2-68305,2-68305
• Citation: 332 N.W.2d 123
• Parties: In re the MARRIAGE OF Jacquelyn Marie BIRD and Larry Calvin Bird. Upon the Petition of Jacquelyn Marie Bird, Petitioner-Appellee, And Concerning Larry Calvin Bird, Respondent-Appellant.
• Court: Iowa Court of Appeals

Page 123

332 N.W.2d 123

In re the MARRIAGE OF Jacquelyn Marie BIRD and Larry Calvin Bird.

Upon the Petition of Jacquelyn Marie Bird, Petitioner-Appellee, And Concerning Larry Calvin Bird, Respondent-Appellant.

No. 2-68305.

Court of Appeals of Iowa.

Jan. 26, 1983.

Danny C. Wilmoth and Thomas R. Isaac, Des Moines, for respondent-appellant.

Richard D. Hermann, Des Moines, for petitioner-appellee.

Considered en banc.

PER CURIAM.

Respondent-husband, Larry Calvin Bird, appeals from entry of a nunc pro tunc order clarifying the terms of the property settlement portion of the parties' dissolution decree. He asserts that the clarification altered the decree to take away property he received under the original decree. We reverse.

The 1981 dissolution decree awarded the wife the parties' home, valued at $80,000, subject to an encumbrance of approximately $37,700. The husband and his mother were granted liens against the real estate in the amounts of $6,150 and $10,000, respectively, to be paid within one year. The decree provided that if it was necessary to sell the home in order to satisfy the liens the net profits from the sale should be applied as follows: the first $25,000 to the wife; the next $10,000 to the husband's mother; the next $5,000 to the husband; and the next $2,300 to be divided equally between the parties, with any balance remaining to go to the wife. The decree further stated that upon payment of those amounts the "liens shall be satisfied regardless of whether there was an adequate amount from the sale price to fully satisfy the liens." Upon the wife's application for clarification of the decree, the trial court entered an order nunc pro tunc changing the decree to provide that upon sale of the home the wife "shall be entitled to the first $25,000 and all subsequent lienholders shall be paid only to the extent that the sale price exceeds the selling costs, taxes, and mortgages of the property, and in the event the sale price does not exceed any one lien as listed in the Decree, it shall not constitute a lien to cloud the title to the real estate."

I. Scope of Review. Since this is an action in equity, our review is de novo. Iowa R.App.P. 4.

II. Propriety of Nunc Pro Tunc Order. The court in Wirtanen v. Provin, 293 N.W.2d 252 (Iowa 1980), discussed the dual functions of a nunc pro tunc order as (1) to "show now what was done then" and (2) to correct an omission where no judgment had been entered due to "ministerial error or oversight by the court." Id. at 255. See also State v. Walker, 304 N.W.2d 193, 196 (Iowa 1981). The present case falls into the former category.

The function of a nunc pro tunc order premised on the "now for then" theory was reviewed by the court in McVay v. Kenneth E. Montz Implement Co., 287 N.W.2d 149 (Iowa 1980).

Perhaps we should review briefly what we have said in earlier cases about the proper function of nunc pro tunc orders. Literally nunc pro tunc means "now for then." Black's Law Dictionary 1218 (Rev. 4th ed. 1968). A nunc pro tunc entry makes the record show now what was actually done then. See Feddersen v. Feddersen, 271 N.W.2d 717, 718 (Iowa 1978); State v. Onstot, 268 N.W.2d 219, 220 (Iowa 1978); Headley v. Headley, 172 N.W.2d 104, 108 (Iowa 1969). Its purpose is "to make the record show truthfully what judgment was actually rendered ...." General Mills, Inc. v. Prall, 244 Iowa 218, 225, 56 N.W.2d 596, 600 (1953). "It is not for the purpose of correcting judicial thinking, a judicial conclusion or mistake of law." Headley, 172 N.W.2d at 108 (emphasis added). See also [ State v.] Steffens, 282 N.W.2d at 122-23 [ (Iowa 1979) ]; 46 Am.Jur.2d Judgments § 201, at 443-44 (1964). Thus if a court makes an error of fact or law in arriving at its judgment, the appropriate remedy is not by way of a nunc pro tunc order but by other available procedures such as a motion under rule 179(b), R.Civ.P., or a motion for new trial under rule 244, R.Civ.P. This is apparent from the present statutory authority which limits the nunc pro tunc power of the court "only to correct an evident mistake." § 602.17, The Code (emphasis added). See Feddersen, 271 N.W.2d at 719.

Id. at 150-51.

Factors to be considered when evaluating the propriety of a nunc pro tunc order include: 1) intent of the trial judge; 2) whether the mistake is an "evident mistake;" and 3) the time elapsed from the original judgment to the application for a nunc pro tunc order. Id. at 151. "Whether there was a 'mistake' depends ultimately upon judicial intention; whether the record is 'evidently' at odds with that intention, is likewise dependent, the dependency in both instances being proportionate to the required quantum of proof." Headley v. Headley, 172 N.W.2d 104, 109 (Iowa 1969).

A. Judge's Intent. In our review of the facts of this case, we are seriously hampered by an inadequate record which consists only of petitioner's application for the order and the order itself. Evidently, no transcript was made of the hearing on the application. As in Headley, "[e]xcept for the decree itself there is nothing before us to show the judgment or intent of the trial judge." 172 N.W.2d at 107. The respondent's brief states: "The Court merely indicated that what the Court said in the Original decree, dated March 5, 1981, was not what the court meant. (No record made)." Brief at 5.

In this case, the trial judge who entered the nunc pro tunc order also entered the original decree. Compare Headley v. Headley, 172 N.W.2d at 108. See also State v. Harbour, 240 Iowa 705, 710, 37 N.W.2d 290, 293 (1949) ("... it is the general practice in this jurisdiction that the judge who made the order hear and determine applications to correct it.") Interpretation given a decree by the judge who enters the original decree...