Martin v. Commonwealth
| Docket Number | 0128-23-4 |
| Decision Date | 28 December 2023 |
| Parties | DAMONTA MARTIN, S/K/A DAMONTE MARTIN v. COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA |
| Court | Virginia Court of Appeals |
UNPUBLISHED
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF ALEXANDRIA James C. Clark Judge
Farheena Siddiqui (Law Office of Samuel C. Moore, PLLC Moore, Christoff & Siddiqui, on briefs), for appellant.
Francis A. Frio, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Present: Judges Huff, Athey and Causey Argued by videoconference
Following a jury trial, the trial court convicted Damonta Martin ("appellant") of malicious wounding, using a firearm in the commission of a felony, and maliciously shooting at an occupied vehicle. The trial court sentenced appellant to 28 years of imprisonment with all but 8 years suspended. In challenging his convictions for malicious wounding and maliciously shooting at an occupied vehicle, appellant argues that the evidence was insufficient to prove he acted with malice because the evidence supported his claim of self-defense. Finding no error, this Court affirms the trial court's judgment.
BACKGROUND[1]
On the afternoon of January 9, 2022, Ruth Buba was talking on her cell phone while sitting inside her car in the parking lot of a 7-Eleven store in Alexandria, Virginia. Her car was parked almost directly in front of the double doors of the store's entrance. After hearing gunshots, Buba saw that her car window was shattered, noticed that there was blood in the car, and realized she had been shot. As the gunfire continued from the right side of the parking lot, Buba first ducked down to avoid getting struck again, but then ran into the store for assistance. Finding no one there to help her, she ran to a nearby bus stop where a stranger agreed to drive her to the hospital. At the hospital, Buba learned that her gunshot wound had severely injured her jaw.
The entire incident was captured clearly on surveillance cameras both inside and outside the 7-Eleven. Video recordings from inside the store just before the shooting showed appellant, Maurice Turner, and Victoria Underwood standing near the store's front counter. Appellant then appeared to notice a red Dodge sedan arrive in the parking lot and back into a parking space at the far left of the 7-Eleven parking lot. After glancing at Turner, appellant immediately left the store; Turner and Underwood followed him. All three then turned to the left and walked to a gray Chevrolet Malibu parked at the far right side of the 7-Eleven parking lot. Underwood got into the front passenger seat of the car, and Turner took the rear seat on the passenger side. Buba's car, parked near the store's entrance, was positioned between the Malibu and the red Dodge sedan.
As soon as he approached the Malibu, appellant reached through the driver's door and retrieved a gun. Around that same time, a passenger from the red sedan took several steps toward the sidewalk and store entrance. Over the roof of the Malibu, appellant began shooting in the direction of that unidentified male, who immediately retreated into the red sedan.[2] The videos showed that while appellant was firing his gun, Buba's car window was struck and subsequently shattered. Donavan Copeland then exited the back seat of the Malibu, fired a shot toward the red sedan, and fled with appellant behind the 7-Eleven. Turner also got out of the car and shot at the red sedan as it sped out of the parking lot. He then entered the driver's seat of the Malibu and drove it away from the scene.
About 20 minutes after the shooting was reported, police saw the gray Malibu exit a parking garage on Duke Street, within a mile of the 7-Eleven. The police stopped the car at a McDonald's and found appellant, Underwood, Copeland, and Turner inside. During their search of the car, police recovered three loaded nine-millimeter semi-automatic pistols.
The police also collected 13 nine-millimeter cartridge casings and one bullet from the scene of the shooting. All the cartridge casings were concentrated in the right side of the 7-Eleven lot near where the Malibu had been parked. No cartridge casings were found in the left area of the lot where the red sedan had parked. A single bullet was recovered from a Toyota Camry that had been parked beside Buba's car. The police ultimately determined that the bullet and nine of the cartridge casings were fired from one of the guns found in the Malibu. DNA testing linked that gun to appellant.
While investigating the shooting incident, Officer Edward Hughes collected the video evidence from both inside and outside the 7-Eleven. He later testified that the exterior camera recordings showed appellant, Turner, and Copeland as the only individuals firing guns at the scene. The video did not show the unidentified male produce a gun or point a gun at anyone.
Appellant was indicted on charges of malicious wounding, using a firearm in the commission of a felony, and maliciously shooting at an occupied vehicle. At the conclusion of appellant's jury trial, the City of Alexandria Circuit Court (the "trial court") instructed the jury that, if it failed to find that the shooting was malicious, it could find appellant guilty of the lesser offenses of unlawful wounding and unlawfully shooting at an occupied vehicle. The trial court further instructed the jury on legal concepts relating to self-defense and crimes committed in the heat of passion. The jury, however, found appellant guilty of malicious wounding and maliciously shooting into an occupied vehicle as well as for the felonious use of a firearm. This appeal followed.
Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain his convictions for malicious wounding and maliciously shooting into an occupied vehicle. "On review of the sufficiency of the evidence, 'the judgment of the trial court is presumed correct and will not be disturbed unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.'" Ingram v. Commonwealth, 74 Va.App. 59, 76 (2021) (quoting Smith v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 450, 460 (2018)). "The question on appeal, is whether 'any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.'" Id. (quoting Yoder v. Commonwealth, 298 Va 180, 182 (2019)). "If there is evidentiary support for the conviction, 'the reviewing court is not permitted to substitute its own judgment, even if its opinion might differ from the conclusions reached by the finder of fact at the trial.'" Chavez v. Commonwealth, 69 Va.App. 149, 161 (2018) (quoting Banks v. Commonwealth, 67 Va.App. 273, 288 (2017)).
This deferential principle "is not limited solely to matters of witness credibility[;] [w]e [also] owe deference to the trial court's interpretation of all of the evidence, including video evidence that we are able to observe much as the trial court did." Meade v. Commonwealth, 74 Va.App. 796, 806 (2022); see also Ingram, 74 Va.App. at 77 . "Such deference stems not from the trial court being in a superior position to view the video evidence," as is true regarding witness testimony, but rather from the difference in roles between the trier of fact and this Court. Meade, 74 Va.App. at 806. Unlike the factfinder, this Court reviews video evidence on appeal "not to determine what we think happened, but for the limited purpose of determining whether any rational factfinder could have viewed it as the [factfinder] did." Id.
Appellant does not dispute that he fired the shot that wounded Buba and that any criminal intent he had when shooting the gun at other persons transferred to his actions against her. [3] See Blow v. Commonwealth, 52 Va.App. 533, 541 (2008) ("The doctrine of transferred intent permits a fact finder to transpose a defendant's criminal intent to harm an intended victim to another unintended, but harmed, victim."). Rather, appellant maintains that he fired the gun without malice either in self-defense or in the heat of passion.
"Malice inheres in the 'doing of a wrongful act intentionally, or without just cause or excuse, or as a result of ill will.'" Tizon v. Commonwealth, 60 Va.App. 1, 11 (2012) (quoting Dawkins v. Commonwealth, 186 Va. 55, 61 (1947)). "Whether or not an accused acted with malice is generally a question of fact and may be proved by circumstantial evidence." Palmer v. Commonwealth, 71 Va.App. 225, 237 (2019) (quoting Canipe v. Commonwealth, 25 Va.App. 629, 642 (1997)). "[M]alice may be either express or implied by conduct." Watson-Scott v. Commonwealth, 298 Va. 251, 256 (2019) (quoting Essex v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 273, 280 (1984)). Specifically, "[m]alice may be inferred from the deliberate use of a deadly weapon," Luck v. Commonwealth, 32 Va.App. 827, 834 (2000), or when the defendant "willfully or purposefully, rather than negligently, embarked upon a course of wrongful conduct likely to cause death or great bodily harm," Watson-Scott, 298 Va. at 257 (quoting Essex, 228 Va. at 280-81).
"Deliberate and purposeful acts may nonetheless be done without malice if they are done in the heat of passion." Williams v Commonwealth, 64 Va.App. 240, 249 (2015). Heat of passion "excludes malice when provocation reasonably produces fear [or anger] that causes one to act on impulse without conscious reflection." Rhodes v. Commonwealth, 41 Va.App. 195, 200 (2003) (alteration in original) (quoting Graham v. Commonwealth, 31 Va.App. 662, 671 (2000)). "Heat of passion is determined by the nature and degree of the provocation and may be founded upon rage, fear or a...
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