Martyn v. First Federal Sav. & Loan Ass'n of West Palm Beach

• Decision Date: 15 December 1971
• Docket Number: No. 71--261,71--261
• Parties: Charles P. MARTYN, Appellant, v. FIRST FEDERAL SAVINGS AND LOAN ASSOCIATION OF WEST PALM BEACH, a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the United States of America, Appellee.
• Court: Florida District Court of Appeals

Page 576

257 So.2d 576

Charles P. MARTYN, Appellant, v. FIRST FEDERAL SAVINGS AND LOAN ASSOCIATION OF WEST PALM BEACH, a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the United States of America, Appellee.

No. 71--261.

District Court of Appeal of Florida, Fourth District.

Dec. 15, 1971.

Rehearing Denied Feb. 29, 1972.

Eugene Charles Heiman and Walter M. Meginniss of Heiman & Crary, P.A., Stuart, for appellant.

Larry Klein, of Cone, Wagner, Nugent, Johnson & McKeown, West Palm Beach, for appellee.

WALDEN, Judge.

Putting aside preamble, does the statute of frauds, F.S.1969, sec. 725.01, F.S.A., bar a suit for damages upon an oral contract to loan money in return for a mortgage upon realty?

The trial court determined that such contract was encompassed and controlled by the statute. Summary final judgment was thereupon entered for the defendant. Plaintiff appeals. We reverse.

We have not been shown and have not found a controlling Florida case precedent.

The Statute of Frauds is set forth in F.S.1969, sec. 725.01, F.S.A.:

'725.01 Promise to pay another's debt, etc.--No action shall be brought whereby to charge any executor or administrator upon any special promise to answer or pay any debt or damages out of his own estate, or whereby to charge the defendant upon any special promise to answer for the debt, default or miscarriage of another person or to charge any person upon any agreement made upon consideration of marriage, Or upon any contract for the sale of lands, tenements or hereditaments, or of any uncertain interest in or concerning them, or for any lease thereof for a period longer than one year, or upon any agreement that is not to be performed within the space of one year from the making thereof, unless the agreement or promise upon which such action shall be brought, or some note or memorandum thereof shall be in writing and signed by the party to be charged therewith or by some other person by him thereunto lawfully authorized.' (Emphasis supplied.)

Extracting the key criteria, it cannot be disputed that the contract is not for the sale of lands, tenements or hereditaments. Can it be said, though, that it is a contract for the sale of an uncertain interest in lands or concerning them? This is the pivotal question.

There are two theories concerning mortgages, the title and lien theories. ¹ Under the title theory the mortgagee has title at law, a fee simple conditional. In other words, the holder of the mortgage, while not in possession, is actually the owner. He loses his ownership when the mortgage is paid.

On the other hand, under the lien theory, the mortgagee has neither title nor the right of possession.

Florida is a lien theory jurisdiction as evidenced by F.S.1969, sec. 697.02, F.S.A.:

'697.02 Nature of a mortgage.--A mortgage shall be held to be a specific lien on the property therein described, and Not a conveyance of the legal title or of the right of possession.' (Emphasis supplied.)

Florida has maintained its position in the lien column since 1853. Further, Florida cases concerning mortgage liens supply shading and nuances helpful to our final conclusion. 1) A mortgage is only a lien. Hemphill v. Nelson, 1928, 95 Fla. 498, 116 So. 498; Waldock v. Iba, 1934, 114 Fla. 786, 150 So. 231, 803, 153 So. 915; Walker v. Heege, 1920, 78 Fla. 667, 83 So. 605 and Jordan v. Sayre, 1892, 29 Fla. 100, 10 So. 823. 2) A mortgagee has no right to possession, until purchase at a foreclosure sale. Folks v. Chesser, 1932, 106 Fla. 836, 145 So. 602; J. G. White Engineering Corporation v. People's State Bank of Lakeland, 1921, 81 Fla. 35, 87 So. 753. 3) A mortgagee has no right to maintain a suit to remove or prevent a cloud on title. Peninsular v. Naval Stores Co. v. Cox, 1909, 57 Fla. 505, 49 So. 191. 4) Holders of mortgages are not entitled to maintain actions to quiet title. Cook v. Pontious, 1929, 98 Fla. 373, 123 So. 765. 5) A mortgagee of lands sought to be condemned may not be held to be an owner of them. Shavers v. Duval County, Fla.1954, 73 So.2d 684. 6) The mortgage lien is itself a species of intangible property. Seaboard All-Florida Ry. v. Leavitt, 1932, 105 Fla. 600, 141 So. 886. It is a chose in action which creates a lien on the land but not an interest in the land. Waldock v. Iba, supra.

Looking back now at some of the terms in the statute of frauds, we note that an 'interest in lands' was discussed in encyclopedic treatment as follows:

49 Am.Jur., Statute of Frauds, § 154, defines interest in land thusly:

'The term 'interest' in land, as used in the statute of frauds, means some portion of the title or right of possession, and does Not include agreements which may affect land but which do not contemplate the transfer of any title, ownership, or possession.' (Emphasis supplied.)

Specifically concerning mortgages, 49 Am.Jur., at § 197, says:

'A mortgage, in its legal aspect, is a conveyance of an estate or interest in the land, and as such, within the meaning of those terms as used in the statute.'

This same language is found in 15 Fla.Jur., Frauds, Statute of, § 6.

37 C.J.S. Frauds, Statute of § 69, says:

'While the term 'interest' as used in the statute is broad enough to include any right, title, or estate in, or lien on, real estate, it does Not extend the statute to agreements which, although affecting land, do not contemplate the transfer of any title, ownership, or possession.' (Emphasis supplied.)

Now, as to the term 'sale' considered in context of the statute of frauds, we observe that a sale, according to the U.C.C., F.S.1969, section 672.106(1), F.S.A., is defined as:

'A 'sale' consists in the passing of title from the seller to the buyer for a price.'

Black's Law Dictionary, Revised 4th Edition, defines 'sale' as follows:

'A contract between two parties, called, respectively, the 'seller' (or vendor) and the 'buyer,' (or purchaser,) by which the former, in consideration of the payment or promise of payment of a certain price in money, transfers to the latter the title and the possession of property.'

'A contract whereby property is transferred from one person to another for a consideration of value, implying the passing of the general and absolute title, As distinguished from a special interest falling short of complete ownership.' (Emphasis supplied.)

It will be noted that in both of the above definitions the words, title and possession, are used as indispensable elements. Florida law holds that a mortgage is specifically not a conveyance of the legal title or of the right of possession; therefore, the transfer of a mortgage or a contract to give a mortgage would not qualify as a sale. See F.S.1969, section 697.02, F.S.A., supra.

28 Fla.Jur., Sales, § 4, defines sale as a '. . . transmutation of property from one person to another in consideration of some price or value. It is a contract Whereby the absolute or general ownership of property is transferred from one person to another for a price, or for any consideration.' (Emphasis supplied.) Again, a mortgage does not transfer absolute ownership of property, under Florida law.

46 Am.Jur., Sales, § 2, gives various definitions for the term sale:

'Blackstone defines a sale to be 'a transmutation of property from one man to another in consideration of some price or recompense in value,' . . . A sale has frequently been defined as 'transfer of the absolute or general property in a thing for a price in money,' which the buyer pays or promises to pay for the thing bought and sold . . . A sale Is the transfer of the general or absolute, as distinguished from a special, property in a thing. A sale is said to be an Entire and absolute transfer of the thing sold, without reservation. . . .

'The term 'sale,' in its largest sense, may include every agreement for The transferring of ownership, whether immediate or to be completed afterward. . . . Strictly, to constitute a sale, the parties must intend to transfer the Immediate ownership in some specific thing. The words 'bargain and sale' have a settled, legal meaning and import a sale which vests the property in the buyer. It has been said that under the Uniform Sales Act 'a sale' implies and involves passing of title. . . .' (Emphasis supplied.)

77 C.J.S. Sales § 1, broadly defines the term sale as follows:

'. . . (A) sale has been defined as the transfer of property in a thing for a price in money or estimated in money, or in money or its equivalent, or for a valuable consideration; a transmutation of property from one man to another, in consideration of some price, or recompense in value; an exchange of goods or property for money paid or to be paid; The passing of the title and possession of any property for money which the buyer pays or promises to pay.' (Emphasis supplied.)

It would therefore seem that both the common and legal meanings of the word, 'sale,' indicate a transfer of title, even though under the statute such sale or transfer of title may be to an uncertain or indeterminate estate or interest.

Since a mortgage in Florida does not transfer title, possession, or any other interest other than a naked lien, it seems to us that in Florida, based on the definitions quoted earlier, an oral agreement to make a mortgage would not be under the statute of frauds.

Williston on Contracts, 3rd Ed., §§ 492 and 511, agrees with this conclusion,

'In jurisdictions where it is held that a mortgage does not transfer title but merely creates a lien, it seems obvious that ...