Mathis v. Rkl Design/Build

• Decision Date: 19 January 2006
• Docket Number: No. 01-04-01318-CV.,01-04-01318-CV.
• Parties: George MATHIS Jr., Appellant, v. RKL DESIGN/BUILD, Appellee.
• Court: Texas Court of Appeals

189 S.W.3d 839

George MATHIS Jr., Appellant, v. RKL DESIGN/BUILD, Appellee.

No. 01-04-01318-CV.

Court of Appeals of Texas, Houston (1st Dist.).

January 19, 2006.

COPYRIGHT MATERIAL OMITTED

Robert Joseph Killeen Jr., Houston, TX, for Appellant.

Raymond A. Krell, Daniel L. McKay, Krell & Troigian, Feichtinger M. Bruce, and Vicki L. Pinak, Watson, Kowis & Rossick, Houston, TX, for Appellee.

Panel consists of Justices TAFT, KEYES, and HANKS.

OPINION

TIM TAFT, Justice.

Appellant, George Mathis Jr., appeals from a summary judgment entered in favor of appellee, RKL Design/Build ("RKL"). We determine whether the trial court erred in its summary judgment ruling. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Facts

James Petersen,¹ owner of the property at 110 Milam ("the Petersen property"), hired RKL to perform a preliminary evaluation in connection with the possible conversion of an existing four-story commercial building to residential use. Petersen requested that RKL prepare a set of architectural plans and obtain construction bids from commercial contractors to determine if such a conversion would be cost-effective. RKL requested construction bids from G.T. Leach Construction ("GTL"), Braselton Construction Company ("Braselton"), and Tribble & Stephens General Contractors ("T & S"). In order to complete their bids, GTL, Braselton, and T & S requested keys to the property. After obtaining Petersen's permission, RKL provided the keys. T & S requested that Mathis provide a bid for wrought-iron work to be completed at the Petersen property.

On October 30, 2001, a representative from T & S accompanied Mathis onto the Petersen property. While walking the perimeter of the building, Mathis fell into a hole that was 12 feet deep and covered by a thin piece of wood. Mathis sustained injuries to his head, neck, and torso as a result of the fall. Before the date of Mathis's injury, Restoration Builders, Incorporated ("Restoration") had been the primary contractor involved in the stabilization phase, which included demolition activity and removal of debris from the Petersen property. Mathis sued RKL, Restoration, Petersen, GTL, T & S, and W. Paul Wottring & Associates, Incorporated for negligence and negligence per se.

RKL filed a no-evidence motion for summary judgment, pursuant to Rule of Civil Procedure 166a(i), and, alternatively, a traditional motion for summary judgment, pursuant to Rule of Civil Procedure 166a(c). See TEX.R. CIV. P. 166a(c), (i). On August 31, 2004, the trial court granted interlocutory summary judgment in favor of RKL. On October 1, 2004, the trial court signed an order severing Mathis's suit against RKL from the underlying litigation, thereby making the interlocutory summary judgment order final.

Summary Judgment Evidence

On appeal, RKL argues that Mathis cites to evidence that was not presented in response to RKL's motion for summary judgment and was, therefore, untimely and not part of the summary judgment evidence. In his brief on appeal, Mathis included as Appendix A additional excerpts of Petersen's deposition that were not on file with the clerk in his response to RKL's motion for summary judgment.²

Rule 166a(d) provides that discovery products not on file with the clerk may be used as summary judgment evidence if copies of the material, appendices containing the evidence, or a notice containing specific references to the discovery or specific references to other instruments are filed and served on all parties, together with a statement of intent to use the specified discovery as summary judgment proofs, at least seven days before the hearing if such proofs are to be used to oppose the summary judgment motion. TEX.R. CIV. P. 166a(d). In his response to RKL's motion for summary judgment, Mathis listed his summary judgment evidence as "Exhibit 1: Affidavit of George Mathis, Jr. Exhibit 2: Affidavit of Don M. Kerr, Jr. Exhibit 3: Deposition testimony of James E. Petersen, Jr." Mathis attached pages 29 through 32 and pages 37 through 40 of Petersen's deposition as Exhibit 3. Mathis thus provided RKL with a statement of intent in his response to RKL's motion for summary judgment to use pages 29 through 32 and pages 37 through 40 of Petersen's deposition (Exhibit 3), not a statement of intent to use the entire deposition or the additional excerpts that he presents on appeal as summary judgment proofs.³

The record reflects that Mathis cited to these additional excerpts from Petersen's deposition in his motion for new trial. In its response to Mathis's motion for new trial, RKL objected to the inclusion of the new summary judgment evidence pursuant to rule 166a(c). See TEX.R. CIV. P. 166a(c). A trial court may accept summary judgment evidence filed late, even after summary judgment, as long as the court affirmatively indicates in the record that it accepted or considered the evidence. Stephens v. Dolcefino, 126 S.W.3d 120, 133-34 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet. denied). If a party files late summary judgment evidence, and no order appears in the record granting leave to file, the evidence will not be considered as being before the court. Benchmark Bank v. Crowder, 919 S.W.2d 657, 663 (Tex. 1996). Here, there is no indication in the record that the trial court granted leave to Mathis to file his late summary judgment evidence.⁴

Accordingly, we will not consider as grounds for reversal any summary judgment evidence not expressly presented to the trial court by written motion, answer, or other response. See TEX.R. CIV. P. 166a(c).

Premises Liability

In his sole point of error, Mathis argues that "[t]he Trial Court erred as a matter of law by granting summary judgment dismissing [RKL] from the action." In its no-evidence motion for summary judgment and traditional motion for summary judgment, RKL alleged that there was no evidence of duty or proximate cause, and, alternatively, that Mathis could not meet his burden of proving RKL's negligence or negligence per se. On appeal, Mathis contends, in part, that (1) there is more than a scintilla of evidence to demonstrate that RKL had a duty to inspect and to warn him of the hole because it exercised control of the Petersen property and, furthermore, that (2) under the doctrine of res ispa loquitur, there was an inference of liability against RKL.

A. Summary Judgment Standard of Review

The propriety of summary judgment is a question of law, and we thus review the trial court's ruling de novo. Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex.2003). In reviewing a summary judgment, evidence favorable to the non-movant is taken as true, and all reasonable inferences are indulged in the non-movant's favor. Johnson County Sheriff's Posse v. Endsley, 926 S.W.2d 284, 285 (Tex.1996). When as here, the trial court does not specify the grounds upon which it ruled, the summary judgment may be affirmed on any of the movant's theories that has merit. Cincinnati Life Ins. Co. v. Cates, 927 S.W.2d 623, 625 (Tex.1996). Appellate courts should consider all grounds for summary judgment that the movant presented to the trial court when properly preserved for appeal. Id.

The movant for traditional summary judgment has the burden of showing that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that he is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. TEX.R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Park Place Hosp. v. Estate of Milo, 909 S.W.2d 508, 510 (Tex.1995); Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548 (Tex.1985). A defendant moving for traditional summary judgment must either disprove at least one element of each of the plaintiff's causes of action or plead and conclusively establish each essential element of its affirmative defense, thereby rebutting the plaintiff's causes of action. Cathey v. Booth, 900 S.W.2d 339, 341 (Tex. 1995).

A no-evidence motion for summary judgment is essentially a directed verdict granted before trial, to which we apply a legal-sufficiency standard of review. King Ranch, Inc. v. Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742, 750-51 (Tex.2003). In general, a party seeking a no-evidence summary judgment must assert that no evidence exists as to one or more of the essential elements of the non-movant's claims on which the non-movant would have the burden of proof at trial. Flameout Design & Fabrication Inc. v. Pennzoil Caspian Corp., 994 S.W.2d 830, 834 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.). Once the movant specifies the elements on which there is no evidence, the burden shifts to the non-movant to raise a fact issue on the challenged elements. TEX.R. CIV. P. 166a(i). A no-evidence summary judgment will be sustained when (1) there is a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact, (2) the court is barred by rules of law or of evidence from giving weight to the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact, (3) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a scintilla, or (4) the evidence conclusively establishes the opposite of a vital fact. King Ranch Inc., 118 S.W.3d at 751.

B. Negligence

A cause of action for negligence consists of three essential elements: (1) a legal duty owed by one party to another; (2) a breach of that duty; and (3) damages proximately caused by that breach. Greater Houston Transp. Co. v. Phillips, 801 S.W.2d 523, 525 (Tex.1990). Duty is the threshold inquiry in a negligence case. Id. The existence of a duty is a question of law for the court to decide based on the specific facts of the case. Id. To withstand RKL's no-evidence summary judgment, Mathis had to establish that some duty was owed to him by RKL. See Centeq Realty v. Siegler, 899 S.W.2d 195, 197 (Tex.1995).

An owner or occupier of land has a duty to use reasonable care to keep the premises under his control in a safe condition. Smith v. Henger, 226 S.W.2d 425, 431 (Tex.1950). A general contractor on a construction site, who is in control of the premises, is charged with the same duty as is an owner or occupier. Id. at 431. The duty to keep the...