Matthews v. Forrest

• Decision Date: 19 March 1952
• Docket Number: No. 248,248
• Citation: 69 S.E.2d 553,235 N.C. 281
• Court: North Carolina Supreme Court
• Parties: MATTHEWS, v. FORREST.

Page 553

69 S.E.2d 553

235 N.C. 281

MATTHEWS, v. FORREST.

No. 248

Supreme Court of North Carolina.

March 19, 1952

Neill McK. Salmon, Lillington, for defendant, appellant.

Wilson & Johnson, Lillington, for plaintiff, appellee.

ERVIN, Justice.

The demurrer was rightly overruled even if the defendant's thesis that the plaintiff cannot recover damages for mental suffering unaccompanied by physical injury be accepted as valid.

The essence of a trespass to realty is the disturbance of possession. In consequence, every unauthorized entry on land in the peaceable possession of another constitutes a trespass, without regard to the degree of force used and irrespective of whether actual damage is done. Lee v. Stewart, 218 N.C. 287, 10 S.E.2d 804; Brame v. Clark, 148 N.C. 364, 62 S.E. 418, 19 L.R.A., N.S., 1033, 16 Ann.Cas. 73; Dougherty v. Stepp, 18 N.C. 371.

A complaint states a good cause of action for trespass to specific realty when its allegations show these ingredients:

1. That the plaintiff was either actually or constructively in possession of the land at the time the alleged trespass was committed. Gordner v. Blades Lumber Co., 144 N.C. 110, 56 S.E. 695; Drake v. Howell, 133 N.C. 162, 45 S.E. 539; Frisbee v. Town of Marshall, 122 N.C. 760, 30 S.E. 21; State v. Reynolds, 95 N.C. 616; McLean v. Murchison, 53 N.C. 38; Patterson v. Bodenhammer, 33 N.C. 4; Cohoon v. Simmons, 29 N.C. 189; McMillan v. Hafley, 4 N.C. 186; Kennedy v. Wheatley, 3 N.C. 402.

2. That the defendant made an unauthorized, and therefore an unlawful, entry on the land. 63 C.J., Trespass, section 149.

3. That the plaintiff suffered damage by reason of the matter alleged as an invasion of his rights of possession. McIntosh on North Carolina Practice and Procedure in Civil Cases, section 398.

A complaint stating a claim for compensatory damages presents a right to recover at least nominal damages. Hutton & Bourbonnais v. Cook, 173 N.C. 496, 92 S.E. 355. Indeed, a complaint states a cause of action for the recovery of nominal damages for a properly pleaded trespass to realty even if it contains no allegations setting forth the character and amount of damages. Harris v. Sneeden, 104 N.C. 369, 10 S.E. 477; Womack v. McDonald, 219 Ala. 75, 121 So. 57; McGill v. Varin, 213 Ala. 649, 106 So. 44; 25 C.J.S., Damages, § 130. This is true because an unauthorized entry upon the possession of another entitles him to nominal damages at least. Forest City Cotton Co. v. Henrietta Mills, 218 N.C. 294, 10 S.E.2d 806; Lee v. Stewart, supra; Kinsland v. Kinsland, 188 N.C. 810, 125 S.E. 625; Lee v. Lee, 180 N.C. 86, 104 S.E. 76; Hutton & Bourbonnais v. Cook, supra; Brame v. Clark, supra; Lumber Co. v. Elizabeth City Lumber Co., 137 N.C. 431, 49 S.E. 946; Little v. Stanback, 63 N.C. 285; Dougherty v. Stepp, supra.

It is otherwise, however, with respect to compensatory and punitive damages. If a plaintiff would recover compensatory damages for a trespass to realty, he must allege facts showing actual damage; and if he would recover punitive damages for such a trespass, he must allege circumstances of aggravation authorizing punitive damages. 63 C.J., Trespass, section 155. The complaint in the instant case does not charge that the act of trespass was malicious or wanton. Brame v. Clark, supra; Wylie v. Smitherman, 30 N.C. 236, Duncan v. Stalcup, 18 N.C. 440. This being true, it alleges no grounds for punitive damages. Remington v. Kirby, 120 N.C. 320, 26 S.E. 917.

When the present complaint is read in the light of the relevant rules of law, it is manifest that the plaintiff has stated a valid cause of action for trespass to realty.

To be sure, he does not allege in express terms any possession by him of the property involved in the case. It is not necessary for him to make this essential averment in any special form of words. His complaint is susceptible of two constructions, either of which is ample to withstand the demurrer on this aspect of the case and to permit the introduction of evidence to establish the first ingredient of the alleged trespass.

The two permissible interpretations become apparent when due regard is had for the distinction between actual and constructive possession of real property. This distinction is thus delimited in the recent case of State v. Baker, 231 N.C. 136, 56 S.E.2d 424, 426: 'Actual possession is a tangible fact, and constructive possession is a legal fiction. Actual possession of land consists in exercising acts of dominion over it, and in making the ordinary use of it to which it is adapted, and in taking the profits of which it is susceptible. * * * Constructive possession is that theoretical possession which exists in contemplation of law in instances where there is no possession in fact. When land is not in the actual enjoyment or occupation of anybody, the law declares it to be in the constructive possession of the person whose title gives him the right to assume its immediate actual possession.'

The two permissible constructions of the complaint are somewhat alternative in character, and are set forth in paragraphs 1 and 2 below.

1. The complaint impliedly asserts that at the time of the alleged trespass the property involved in the action was 'the plaintiff's grave lot,' and there was no one in its actual possession claiming adversely to him. This assertion is tantamount to an allegation that at the time at issue the plaintiff had title to the property, and by reason thereof was in its constructive possession. Gordner v. Blades Lumber Co., supra; State v. Reynolds, supra; McLean v. Murchison, supra; Cohoon v. Simmons, supra; McMillan v. Hafley, supra; 63 C.J., Trespass, section 150.

2. The complaint alleges by implication rather than in direct terms that the plaintiff maintained and used the spot of ground designated as his grave lot as a place for the burial of his dead pursuant to permission given him by the owner of the fee, i. e., Neill's Creek Baptist Church. This implied averment is equivalent to an allegation that the plaintiff had actual possession of the grave lot at the time of the alleged trespass. This is necessarily so because one cannot well exercise acts of dominion over a place of sepulture or put it to the ordinary use for which it is adapted except by maintaining and using it as a place for the burial of the dead. The Supreme Court...