McClelland v. Harvie Kothe-Ed Rieman, Post No. 1201, Veterans of the Foreign Wars of U.S., Inc.

• Decision Date: 07 March 1989
• Docket Number: Nos. 64079,64684 and 69621,KOTHE--ED,s. 64079
• Citation: 770 P.2d 569,1989 OK 33
• Parties: Billy T. McCLELLAND and Bessie McClelland, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. HARVIERIEMAN, POST NO. 1201, VETERANS OF THE FOREIGN WARS OF THE UNITED STATES, INC., a corporation, Defendant-Appellee. Thomas S. ARNOLD and Vickie Arnold, individually and as parents and best friends of Gregory Arnold, a minor, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. The MUSKET CORPORATION, d/b/a Love's Country Store (Liberal, Kansas), Defendant-Appellee. Pearl MATLOCK, individually and as administratrix of the estate of Donald Kent Matlock, deceased, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. TUMBLEWEED BALLROOM, INC., an Oklahoma corporation, Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: Oklahoma Supreme Court

Page 569

770 P.2d 569

1989 OK 33

Billy T. McCLELLAND and Bessie McClelland, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. HARVIE KOTHE--ED RIEMAN, POST NO. 1201, VETERANS OF THE

FOREIGN WARS OF THE UNITED STATES, INC., a

corporation, Defendant-Appellee.

Thomas S. ARNOLD and Vickie Arnold, individually and as parents and best friends of Gregory Arnold, a minor, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. The MUSKET CORPORATION, d/b/a Love's Country Store (Liberal, Kansas), Defendant-Appellee.

Pearl MATLOCK, individually and as administratrix of the estate of Donald Kent Matlock, deceased, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. TUMBLEWEED BALLROOM, INC., an Oklahoma corporation,

Defendant-Appellee.

Nos. 64079, 64684 and 69621.

Supreme Court of Oklahoma.

March 7, 1989.

As Corrected March 17, 1989.

Patrick E. Carr, Messrs. Carr & Carr, Tulsa, for appellants, Billy T. McClelland and Bessie McClelland.

Nancy J. Siegel, Richards, Paul & Wood Tulsa, for appellee, Harvie Kothe--Ed Rieman, Post No. 1201, Veterans of the Foreign Wars of the U.S., Inc., a corporation.

Howard K. Berry, III, Berry & Berry, P.C., Oklahoma City, for appellants, Thomas S. Arnold and Vickie Arnold, individually and as parents and best friends of Gregory Arnold, a minor.

Mickey Walsh, Manners, Merz & Walsh, Oklahoma City, for appellee, The Musket Corp., d/b/a Love's Country Store (Liberal, Kansas).

R. Jay McAtee, Daniel W. Lowe, P.C., Tulsa, for appellant, Pearl Matlock, individually and as administratrix of the estate of Donald Kent Matlock, deceased.

H.M. Wyatt, III, H.M. Wyatt, III, P.C., Stillwater, and Roger R. Williams Joseph F. Clark, Jr., Williams, Clark, Baker & Earl, P.A., Tulsa, for appellee, Tumbleweed Ballroom, Inc., an Oklahoma corporation.

OPALA, Vice Chief Justice.

The issue dispositive of all three appeals is whether a claim against an alcoholic beverage vendor for harm occasioned to an intoxicated consumer or another is actionable when the injurious event occurred before the effective date of our pronouncement in Brigance v. Velvet Dove Restaurant, Inc. [Brigance I]. ¹ We now grant certiorari in all three cases, consolidate them for disposition by a single opinion and answer the question in the negative.

I.

THE CRITICAL FACTS OF THE THREE CASES ON CERTIORARI

A. APPEAL NO. 64079

Billy T. and Bessie McClelland [plaintiffs] sued Harvie Kothe--Ed Rieman, Post No. 1201, Veterans of the Foreign Wars of the United States, Inc. [defendant], for serving alcoholic beverages in its lounge to an intoxicated person who, while recklessly driving his car in an inebriated state, struck and seriously injured Billy T. McClelland in July 1982.

The plaintiffs alleged that the defendant had a duty 1) not to serve alcoholic beverages either to an already intoxicated person or to one who is known to drink and drive frequently and 2) to operate its business in a manner which protects the public from the very harm which generated this lawsuit. Furthermore, the terms of 37 O.S.1981 § 537(a)(2), ² which prohibit the sale of alcoholic beverages to an intoxicated person, were alleged to have created a duty whose breach gives rise to a legally cognizable claim.

Upon defendant's motion, the trial court dismissed the suit for failure to state a claim. The Court of Appeals held that the common law and the terms of § 537(a)(2), as well as those of 76 O.S.1981 §§ 1 and 5(a), ³ impose a duty whose breach is redressible in a civil action.

B. APPEAL NO. 64684

The plaintiffs in this case are Gregory Arnold and his parents, Thomas S. and Vicki Arnold. They sued the Musket Corporation, d/b/a Love's Country Store (Liberal, Kansas) [defendant], for selling beer to their co-plaintiff son, who had driven to Kansas to buy the beverage in February 1984. He was nearly 16 years old at the time. After returning to this state, he drank several cans of beer, became intoxicated and was injured in Oklahoma when he lost control of his vehicle.

Viewing the claim as one based on a violation of the Kansas statute which prohibits the sale of beer to minors, the trial court concluded that our law affords no relief against a beer vendor for injuries sustained by a purchaser who is injured after becoming intoxicated from drinking the beverage. ⁴ Summary judgment went to the defendant.

The Court of Appeals reversed, holding that because, like Kansas, Oklahoma also prohibits by statute the sale of intoxicating beverages to minors, ⁵ this state's public policy imposes on the defendant a duty not to sell any beer to a minor.

C. APPEAL NO. 69621

Pearl Matlock [plaintiff] sued Tumbleweed Ballroom, Inc. [defendant], alleging negligence in serving alcoholic beverages to her nineteen-year-old son, Donald Kent Matlock, after he had already become noticeably intoxicated. Soon after leaving the premises, the minor died in a one-car accident. The injurious event occurred in February 1986.

The trial court dismissed the action for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. The Court of Appeals reversed, holding that because the statute prohibiting the sale of liquor to minors as well as to intoxicated persons creates a duty not to do so, its breach is civilly actionable.

II.

THE COMMON LAW'S (PRE-BRIGANCE I ) CAUSATION RULE POSES AN

INSUPERABLE BARRIER TO RECOVERY IN ALL THREE CASES

By the common law of England and that effective in Oklahoma before Brigance I, ⁶ a tavern owner may not be held liable for furnishing alcoholic beverages to one who, after becoming intoxicated, injures either himself or another. ⁷ The rule applies even when the inebriated consumer is a minor above the age of discretion. ⁸ Claims do not lie against liquor vendors because--at common law--it is the drink's voluntary consumption rather than its sale that constitutes the proximate cause of the injuries sought to be redressed. ⁹ The common-law causation rule ascribes to the voluntary act of excessive ingestion the causa causans of the harm--its sole efficient legal cause. By force of law, voluntary consumption effectively and completely insulates the seller, as the original actor, from all civil liability. ¹⁰

Oklahoma's jurisprudence underwent a drastic metamorphosis with our pronouncement in Brigance I. There, we departed from the common law, holding for the first time that a commercial vendor of alcoholic beverages for on-the-premises consumption must exercise reasonable care not to sell or furnish liquor to persons who, by their noticeable inebriation, may appear to lack the capacity safely to operate a motor vehicle and are thus likely to subject others to an unreasonable risk of harm. ¹¹ The rule announced in Brigance I applies prospectively--only to that case and to all claims arising from and after October 3, 1986, the date mandate issued. ¹²

At the time of his injury the Arnold minor was nearly sixteen and Matlock minor nineteen years of age. Neither of them was below the common-law age of capacity or discretion. ¹³ All three claims before us clearly arose before the Brigance I mandate; they are hence governed by the common-law concept of causation which was then in force. ¹⁴

The plaintiffs sought to predicate their demands on common-law negligence, negligence per se resulting from violation of a statute, or directly on a breach of duty imposed by a penal statute. Because the common law's causation barrier stood unabrogated at the time each of the injurious events occurred and hence raises an insuperable impediment to recovery on any theory of liability that was pressed below, ¹⁵ none of the claims can be deemed actionable. ¹⁶

OPINIONS BY THE COURT OF APPEALS VACATED AND THE TRIAL COURTS' DECISIONS AFFIRMED.

Appeal No. 64079

HARGRAVE, C.J., and HODGES, LAVENDER, SIMMS, DOOLIN and SUMMERS, JJ., concur.

ALMA WILSON, J., concurs in result.

KAUGER, J., concurs in part and dissents in part.

Appeals Nos. 64684

and 69621

HARGRAVE, C.J., and HODGES, LAVENDER, SIMMS and DOOLIN, JJ., concur.

ALMA WILSON, J., concurs in result.

KAUGER, J., concurs in part and dissents in part.

SUMMERS, J., dissents.

1 Okl., 725 P.2d 300 (1986). Our pronouncement in Brigance I became effective October 3, 1986, the date mandate issued therein. A second appeal, considered in Brigance v. Velvet Dove Restaurant, Okl., 756 P.2d 1232 [1988] [Brigance II ], dealt with arguments unrelated to the single issue before us today.

2 The terms of 37 O.S.1981 § 537(a)(2) are:

"(a) No person shall:

* * *

2. Sell, deliver or knowingly furnish alcoholic beverages to an intoxicated person or to any person who has been adjudged insane or mentally deficient;

* * *" [Emphasis added.]

The penalty for violating the quoted section is prescribed by 37 O.S.1981 § 538(g), whose terms are:

"(g) Any person who shall knowingly sell, furnish or give alcoholic beverage to an insane, mentally deficient, or intoxicated person shall be guilty of a felony, and shall be fined not more than One Thousand Dollars ($1,000.00), or imprisoned in the State Penitentiary for not more than one (1) year, or both such fine and imprisonment." [Emphasis added.]

Sections 537 and 538 have been amended but the changes do not affect today's pronouncement in these cases. See Okl.Sess.L.1985, Ch. 6 §§ 34 and 35 at 47 and 51-52, respectively, and Ch. 283 § 4 at 1216-1217; Okl.Sess.L.1988, Ch. 237 § 3 at 1055.

3 The terms of 76 O.S.1981 §§ 1 and 5(a) are:

"[§ 1] Every person is bound, without contract, to abstain from injuring the person or property of another, or infringing upon any of his rights."

"[§ 5(a) ] Everyone is responsible, not only for the result of his willful acts, but also for an injury occasioned to another by his want of ordinary care or skill in the management of his property or person, except so far as the latter has, willfully or by want of ordinary care, brought the injury upon himself, and except as hereinafter provided."

4 As a predicate for applying negligence per se, the Arnolds plead a violation of the Kansas penal statute that prohibits the sale of beer to minors. Their brief-in-chief...