McCummings v. Hurley Medical Center, Docket No. 83040

• Court: Supreme Court of Michigan
• Citation: 446 N.W.2d 114,433 Mich. 404
• Docket Number: Docket No. 83040
• Parties: Ila McCUMMINGS, as Personal Representative of the Estate of Laura Ann Malott, Deceased, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. HURLEY MEDICAL CENTER, Defendant-Appellee, and Sadda Reddy, M.D., and Basilo Ledesma, M.D., Defendants. 433 Mich. 404, 446 N.W.2d 114
• Decision Date: 22 September 1989

Page 114

446 N.W.2d 114

Ila McCUMMINGS, as Personal Representative of the Estate of Laura Ann Malott, Deceased, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. HURLEY MEDICAL CENTER, Defendant-Appellee, and Sadda Reddy, M.D., and Basilo Ledesma, M.D., Defendants.

Docket No. 83040.

433 Mich. 404, 446 N.W.2d 114

Supreme Court of Michigan.

Sept. 22, 1989.

[433 MICH 405] Kallas, Lower, Henk & Treado, P.C. by Constantine N. Kallas and Nancy A. Plasterer, Bloomfield Hills, for plaintiff-appellant.

Portnoy, Leader, Pidgeon & Roth, P.C. by Robert P. Roth, Bloomfield Hills, for defendant-appellee, Hurley Medical Center.

Fraser, Trebilcock, Davis & Foster, P.C. by Randy J. Hackney, Lansing, for defendant, Basilo Ledesma, M.D.

Cline, Cline & Griffin by Walter P. Griffin, Flint, for defendant, Sadda Reddy, M.D.

OPINION

PER CURIAM.

This application for leave to appeal was held in abeyance pending the decision in Stein v. Southeastern Michigan Family Planning Project, Inc. and Rifkin v. Univ. of Michigan Hosp., 432 Mich. 198, 438 N.W.2d 76 (1989). The question presented is whether the trial court erred in granting summary disposition in favor of defendant Hurley Medical Center. We conclude that the trial court did err.

I

The complaint in this case alleges that plaintiff's decedent, Laura Ann Malott, was shot on New Year's Day, 1983. She suffered back and abdominal wounds. After spending several days at Lapeer County General Hospital, she was transferred to defendant Hurley Medical Center. She had been referred to Hurley for a neurological evaluation because she had suffered a grand mal seizure on January 5, 1983.

The plaintiff's decedent suffered three more such seizures at Hurley, finally lapsing into a coma on January 8, 1983. On that date, she was transferred to the University of Michigan Hospital. The plaintiff's decedent was declared "brain dead" and life support systems were removed on January 10, 1983.

The personal representative of the estate, plaintiff herein, filed suit against defendant Hurley in Genesee Circuit Court on April 25, 1984. She also named two physicians as defendants. The plaintiff claimed that Hurley and defendants Sadda Reddy, M.D., and Basilo Ledesma, M.D., were negligent in the care and treatment of her decedent.

Defendant Hurley's answer was filed on May 2, 1984. The hospital did not assert that since it was municipally owned, it was immune from liability. However, on July 25, 1985, Hurley did move for summary disposition on the ground of governmental immunity. In addition, on September 25, 1985, the defendant filed a document in which it was stated:

"Defendant Hurley Medical Center states as its Affirmative Defense that it is immune from liability pursuant to MCLA 691.1407 [MSA 3.996(107) ], Ross v. Consumers Power Co [ (On Rehearing ), 420] Mich 567 (1984)."

The instant case was ultimately heard on a consolidated basis with forty-two other cases involving claims against the defendant hospital. Five of the Genesee Circuit Court's seven judges sat en banc in December of 1986 for the purpose of deciding the motions for summary disposition in the consolidated cases. In decisions filed on March 19, 1987, three of the five judges held that the defendant was entitled to summary disposition on the basis of governmental immunity.

The plaintiff moved for reconsideration on the ground that the defendant was not entitled to rely on governmental immunity because it had not preserved the issue. The trial judge assigned to the case denied the motion and entered an order of summary disposition on September 8, 1987.

The Court of Appeals denied leave to appeal in an order dated March 31, 1988. After the plaintiff filed an application for leave to appeal in this Court, we ordered the application held in abeyance for Stein v. Southeastern Michigan Family Planning Project, Inc. and Rifkin v. Univ. of Michigan Hosp. Those decisions having been issued, we now consider the application.

II

As noted above, the defendant did not move for summary disposition until July 25, 1985, almost eight months after our decision in Ross v. Consumers Power Co (On Rehearing), 420 Mich. 567, 363 N.W.2d 641 (1984). In Stein, supra 432 Mich. at 203, 438 N.W.2d 76, this Court held:

"The question presented in these cases is whether a hospital owned by a governmental entity that had not challenged the correctness of this Court's decision in Parker [Parker v. City of Highland Park, 404 Mich. 183, 273 N.W.2d 413 (1978) ] or raised a defense of governmental immunity before Ross was decided and, after Ross was decided, for the first time filed a motion for summary disposition on the basis of Ross, raised and preserved a challenge to Parker.

"We answer the question directly. A hospital owned by a governmental entity that did nothing to raise a challenge to Parker or assert a defense of governmental immunity before Ross was decided had not raised and preserved the issue."

The defendant in the instant case did nothing to raise a challenge to Parker or to assert a defense of governmental immunity before Ross was decided. Consequently, the defendant has not raised and preserved the issue.

III

The defendant argues in the alternative, however, that the issue of governmental immunity should be deemed raised and preserved because that issue was raised by the plaintiff in her complaint. Specifically, the defendant alludes to paragraph 2 of the complaint where it was alleged:

"That Hurley Medical Center has its principle place of business in the City of Flint, County of Genesee, State of Michigan, and at all times herein has been engaged in operating said hospital, wherein persons inflicted with illness and disease, including but not limited to, internal injuries and diseases of the central nervous system, are given care and treatment in exchange for consideration."

Defendant cites Powers v. Peoples Community Hospital Authority, decided sub. nom. Hyde v. Univ. of Michigan Bd. of Regents, 426 Mich. 223, 393 N.W.2d 847 (1986), as authority for its position that the complaint in the instant case should be said to have raised the issue. In Powers, we did find that the issue had been raised in the complaint. However, in so finding we stated:

"The complaint indicated that the PCHA operated a public general hospital, which was not entitled to immunity from tort liability pursuant toParker. Moreover, paragraph two alleged that the PCHA was a profit-making institution. This allegation was sufficient to invoke the statutory 'proprietary function' exception." Id. 404 Mich. at 236, n. 7, 273 N.W.2d 413.

The complaint in the instant case in no way invoked the "proprietary function" exception. ¹ The mere statement that persons with injuries and diseases "are given care and treatment in exchange for consideration" was insufficient.

IV

We recognize that the law has not been clear as to whether the alleged immunity of a governmental agency is to be treated differently, for pleading purposes, from any other type of immunity granted by law. Several of our own opinions have contributed to this confusion.

In Ross v. Consumers Power Co. (On Rehearing), supra 420 Mich. at 608, 363 N.W.2d 641, after a lengthy discussion of the origins of sovereign and governmental immunity and an examination of judicial decisions abrogating common-law governmental immunity, ² we concluded:

"Sovereign and governmental immunity from tort liability exist only when governmental agencies are 'engaged in the exercise or discharge of a governmental function.' [MCL 691.1407; MSA 3.996(107).]"

More recently, however, we have referred to governmental immunity as a "characteristic of government," Hyde v. Univ. of Michigan Bd. of Regents, supra 426 Mich. at 261, n. 35, 393 N.W.2d 847:

"Unlike other claims of immunity, sovereign and governmental immunity are not affirmative defenses, but characteristics of government which prevent imposition of tort liability. Ross, supra; Galli, [398 Mich.] p 541, n 5 [Galli v. Kirkeby, 398 Mich. 527; 248 N.W.2d 149 (1976) ]; McCann v. Michigan, 398 Mich. 65, 77, n. 1; 247 N.W.2d 521 (1976). Compare MCR 2.111(F)(3)(a)."

This rationale was repeated in Canon v. Thumudo, 430 Mich. 326, 344, n. 10, 422 N.W.2d 688 (1988), where we also noted that plaintiffs must "plead facts in avoidance of immunity" when suing a governmental agency:

"Unlike a claim of individual immunity, sovereign and governmental immunity are not affirmative defenses, but characteristics of government which prevent imposition of tort liability. A plaintiff therefore bears the burden of pleading facts in the complaint which show that the action is not barred by the governmental immunity act. MCL 691.1401 et seq.; MSA 3.996(101) et seq. This may be accomplished by pleading facts which show that the tort occurred during the exercise of a nongovernmental or proprietary function or by stating a claim which fits within one of the statutory exceptions. Hyde, supra [426 Mich.] p 261, n. 35 ; Ross, supra, [420 Mich.] p 621, n. 34 ; Galli v. Kirkeby, 398 Mich. 527, 541; 248 N.W.2d 149 (1976); McCann v. Michigan, 398 Mich. 65, 77, n. 1; 247 N.W.2d 521 (1976)."

The pronouncements in Hyde and Canon clearly do not square with the statement in Ross that "[s]overeign and governmental immunity from tort liability exist only when governmental agencies are 'engaged in the exercise or discharge of a governmental function.' " If it takes a legislative decree for immunity to exist, and then only under circumstances defined by the Legislature, how can it be said that sovereign or governmental immunity is a "characteristic of government?"

We are persuaded that the reasoning in Ross is correct, i.e., that immunity from tort liability exists only in cases where the governmental agency ³ was engaged in the exercise or discharge of a government...