McDaniel v. U.S. Fidelity and Guar. Co., 2598
Decision Date | 09 October 1996 |
Docket Number | No. 2598,2598 |
Parties | Ronald J. McDANIEL and Carolina Insurance Services, Inc., d/b/a Estill Insurance Agency and Jasper Insurance Agency, Appellants, v. UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND GUARANTY COMPANY and Robert B. Cummings, Respondents. . Heard |
Court | South Carolina Court of Appeals |
James G. Longtin, Walterboro, for Appellants.
Heyward E. McDonald, Columbia, for Respondents.
The Appellants Ronald J. McDaniel and Carolina Insurance Services, Inc. (hereafter McDaniel) sued the Respondents United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company and its department manager, Robert B. Cummings (hereafter USF & G) alleging, in part, that USF & G wrongfully terminated McDaniel's agency agreement. USF & G and McDaniel settled the case and the trial judge entered an "Order of Settlement and Order of Dismissal" which incorporated the settlement contract. McDaniel now seeks to have the order declared void pursuant to Rule 60(b)(4), SCRCP. He appeals an order denying the motion as untimely. We affirm.
On July 8, 1987, McDaniel purchased the Estill Insurance Agency and the Jasper Insurance Agency. USF & G previously had told the prior owners of the agencies that it planned to terminate their general agency agreement at the end of 1987. Despite McDaniel's objection to a limited agency agreement, McDaniel and USF & G signed various limited agency agreements between December 1987 and February 1989. McDaniel also signed a promissory note to USF & G for $151,003.09 to repay monies owed USF & G by the agencies. McDaniel filed suit against his sellers and USF & G in April of 1989, and included in his complaint a cause of action asserting USF & G wrongfully terminated the agency agreement in violation of S.C.Code Ann. § 38-77-940 (Supp.1995). USF & G counterclaimed for the amount due on the promissory note.
The case went to trial on October 16, 1990. After a conference with the judge during the defense's opening statement, the parties conferred and eventually settled the case. The settlement agreement allowed McDaniel to write new personal lines of insurance until December 31, 1990, but the agreement prohibited McDaniel from writing any "new commercial business." USF & G agreed to satisfy McDaniel's obligation on the promissory note as well as to satisfy any "indebtedness or account balances due or to become due on policies with effective dates prior to October 1, 1990." The terms of the settlement were incorporated into the trial judge's order, which he signed and filed on October 16, 1990.
On June 20, 1994, McDaniel moved to set aside the October 16, 1990 order as void pursuant to Rule 60(b)(4), SCRCP. The special referee denied the motion on December 28, 1994, ruling that it was not made within a reasonable time. A motion for reconsideration was denied on June 23, 1995.
South Carolina has a "mandate to write" insurance statute which requires insurers to issue automobile insurance for "individual private passenger automobiles" and "small commercial risks." S.C.Code Ann. § 38-77-110(A) (Supp.1995). Any driver with a valid operator's permit is an "insurable risk," and must be insured upon application. Id. South Carolina law also prohibits an insurer from inducing its insurance agents to avoid writing any class or type of automobile insurance, by "offer or promise of reward or imposition or threat of penalty." S.C.Code Ann. § 38-77-940 (Supp.1995). The statute further provides that "any agreement made in violation of this section shall be void." Id.
McDaniel argues that since the settlement agreement prevented him from writing "any new commercial business" from October 1 1990 to December 31, 1990, the agreement required him to avoid "small commercial [automobile] risks." Thus, McDaniel argues that the settlement agreement and the resulting order are void and may be attacked at any time pursuant to Rule (60)(b)(4).
While McDaniel argues on appeal the validity of the October 16, 1990 order, the special referee only reached the issue of whether McDaniel's Rule 60(b)(4) motion was filed within a reasonable time. There is inconsistency among the decisions of South Carolina appellate courts as to whether the "reasonable time" requirement applies to Rule 60(b)(4) motions. See Sijon v. Green, 289 S.C. 126, 128 n. 2, 345 S.E.2d 246, 248 n. 2 (1986) ( ); Smith Cos. v. Hayes, 311 S.C. 358, 359, 428 S.E.2d 900, 902 (Ct.App.1993) ( ). Contra Gatling v. Beach Palace, Inc., 294 S.C. 464, 365 S.E.2d 736 (Ct.App.1988) (per curiam) ( ); Flanagan, South Carolina Civil Procedure 487 (2nd ed.1996) (citing Gatling, which cited Lightsey and Flanagan's first edition of the treatise). 1 We believe we are bound to follow Sijon and Hayes 's statements that the reasonable time requirement applies to Rule 60(b)(4).
Whether or not McDaniel made his Rule 60 motion within a reasonable time is a matter addressed to the trial judge's sound discretion, and an appellate court will not disturb that determination absent abuse of discretion. Coleman v. Dunlap, 306 S.C. 491, 494, 413 S.E.2d 15, 17 (1992). The special referee's decision that McDaniel's motion was untimely after nearly four years is not an abuse of discretion, especially since McDaniel participated in the settlement, received substantial benefits from it, and utilized § 38-77-940 as the basis for a cause of action in his 1989 complaint.
Moreover, any problems which may exist with the October 1990 order do not fall within Rule 60(b)(4)'s definition of "void." The definition of "void" under the rule only encompasses judgments from courts which failed to provide proper due process, or judgments from courts which lacked subject matter jurisdiction or personal jurisdiction. See Thomas & Howard Co. v. T.W. Graham and Co., 318 S.C. 286, 457 S.E.2d 340 (1995); Flanagan, South Carolina Civil Procedure 487 (2nd ed.1996); 11 Wright, Miller, and Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure: Civil 2d § 2862, at 326-29 (1995). There is no question that the circuit court had subject matter and personal jurisdiction over the parties in the 1989 action. Thus, the court had the power in that action to adjudicate the issue of violation of § 38-77-940. The October 1990 order is a settlement of that claim. The legislature did not intend § 38-77-940 to prohibit a court-approved agreement which settled a disputed § 38-77-940 claim. Therefore, at best, the order is voidable, and not void. Cf. Thomas & Howard, 318 S.C. at 291, 457 S.E.2d at 343 n. 5.
Because McDaniel did not file his motion within a reasonable time, and because the order does not fall within Rule 60(b)(4)'s definition of "void," we affirm the special referee's denial of McDaniel's motion.
1 There is disagreement among the various federal and state jurisdictions as to whether the reasonable time requirement should be imposed on motions which attack a judgment as void. Sijon and Hayes follow what can best be described as the minority view, which relies on the language of Rule 60(b). That language clearly seems to apply the reasonable time requirement to motions pursuant to Rule 60(b)(4). However, many other authorities hold that a void judgment may be attacked at any time. These authorities, including Gatling, generally reason that a void judgment cannot gain validity with the movant's delay because it is a nullity from its inception. See, e.g. 47 Am.Jur.2d Judgments §§ 767-68 (1995) ( ). See also 11 Wright, Miller, and Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure: Civil 2d § 2862, at 324 (1995) ( ); 7 James W. Moore et. al., Moore's Federal Practice p 60.25 (2nd ed.1996) ( ).
Many federal authorities have stated or implied that the reasonable time requirement does not apply to motions attacking a judgment as void. See, e.g. Orner v. Shalala, 30 F.3d 1307 (10th Cir.1994); Precision Etchings & Findings, Inc. v. LGP Gem, Ltd., 953 F.2d 21 (1st Cir.1992); Matter of Whitney-Forbes, Inc., 770 F.2d 692 (7th Cir.1985); Pacurar v. Hernly, 611 F.2d 179 (7th Cir.1979); V.T.A., Inc. v. Airco, Inc., 597 F.2d 220 (10th Cir.1979); Marquette Corp. v. Priester, 234 F.Supp. 799 (D.S.C.1964).
However, some federal circuits have given what may be inconsistent pronouncements on this issue. See United States v. 87 Skyline Terrace, 26 F.3d 923 (9th Cir.1994) ( ); In re Center Wholesale, Inc., 759 F.2d 1440 (9th Cir.1985) ( ); In re Lovitt, 757 F.2d 1035 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, Cheadle v. Appleatchee Riders Ass'n, 474 U.S. 849, 106 S.Ct. 145, 88 L.Ed.2d 120 (1985) ( ); Bookout v. Beck, 354 F.2d 823 (9th Cir.1965) (...
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