Melecio-Saquil v. Ashcroft

• Decision Date: 25 July 2003
• Docket Number: No. 02-2778.,02-2778.
• Citation: 337 F.3d 983
• Parties: Ramiro MELECIO-SAQUIL, Petitioner v. John ASHCROFT, Respondent.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

337 F.3d 983

Ramiro MELECIO-SAQUIL, Petitioner v. John ASHCROFT, Respondent.

No. 02-2778.

United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.

Submitted: February 11, 2003.

Filed: July 25, 2003.

COPYRIGHT MATERIAL OMITTED

James S. Phillips, Jr., Wichita, KS, for appellant.

Thankful T. Vanderstar, Washington, DC (Robert D. McCallum, Jr., Terri J. Scadron, on the brief), for appellee.

Before HANSEN,^* Chief Judge, LOKEN and SMITH, Circuit Judges.

LOKEN, Chief Judge.

Ramiro Melecio-Saquil is a Guatemalan citizen who entered the United States in 1994 without inspection. He petitions for review of an adverse decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA). The BIA denied Melecio's application for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Torture Convention. He appeals only the denial of his request for asylum. Because substantial evidence supports the finding that Melecio lacks a well-founded fear of persecution on account of his political opinion, we deny the petition for review.

Melecio was born in 1969 and lived in the rural Guatemalan Department of Quiche, near the town of Joyabaj. He left Guatemala in 1993, resided briefly in Mexico, and then entered the United States in October 1994. In March 2000, the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)¹ issued a Notice to Appear. Melecio appeared, conceded deportability, and requested asylum.

At the February 2001 hearing before an INS immigration judge (IJ), Melicio testified that in 1982 he joined Guatemala's Civil Patrol, a civilian group created by the government to support the military in the conflict with Marxist guerillas who were then a growing threat in rural areas such as Quiche. In the early to mid-1980s, the guerillas came to Melecio's village and tried to persuade him to join them on three separate occasions. After his third refusal, the guerillas said they would kill him if they returned. Melicio fled to Tiquisate, a Guatemalan village that was a six-hour bus ride away from his home, leaving his wife and four children behind.

Melicio testified that he lived in Tiquisate without incident for approximately four years. But when his wife visited and told him that guerillas had been looking for him at home, Melicio left Tiquisate for Mexico. Melicio's wife joined him in the United States in 1999. Their four children and other family members remained in Quiche, Guatemala. Melicio further testified that, about five weeks before the hearing, his mother-in-law called him from Joyabaj to report that four armed men had broken down the door to his in-laws' home the night before, held a gun to his father-in-law's forehead, asked about Melecio's whereabouts, and tried to "pick up things in the home." The men ran away when Melicio's son aroused neighbors.

Subject to certain statutory exceptions, the Attorney General may grant asylum to an alien, such as Melic, who proves he is a "refugee." 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1). A "refugee" is defined to include an alien who is unable or unwilling to return to his country of origin "because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of ... political opinion." 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). A well-founded fear is one that is both "subjectively genuine and objectively reasonable." Ghasemimehr v. INS, 7 F.3d 1389, 1390 (8th Cir.1993). Melicio alleges that he is entitled to asylum because he has a well-founded fear of persecution on account of his political opinion based on his service in the Civil Patrol and his refusal to join the guerillas.

Before reviewing the IJ's analysis of Melicio's contention, we note a flaw not addressed by the agency. To warrant asylum on this ground, Melecio must show that the feared persecution is on account of a political opinion. Supporting the government is political; refusing to join a guerilla fighting force for reasons such as fear of combat is not. See Miranda v. INS, 139 F.3d 624, 627 (8th Cir.1998). In Cordon-Garcia v. INS, 204 F.3d 985, 991 (9th Cir.2000), on which Melecio relies, it was clear that Guatemalan guerillas persecuted a school teacher because they believed her teaching for the government undermined their political objectives. Here, on the other hand, even if the guerillas mid-1980's threat amounted to past persecution, Melecio failed to prove the guerillas acted because of his teenage membership in the Civil Patrol, as opposed to his refusal to join their forces for non-political reasons.

Without addressing the above issue, the IJ found that Melecio failed to establish a well-founded fear of persecution if he returned to Guatemala because of the many years that have passed since the guerillas attempted to recruit him, the fact that Melecio later lived in Tiquisate for a number of years without incident, the fact that his family and his wife's family continued to live safely in Guatemala after his departure, and the dramatic change in the country's conditions after the government and the guerillas signed peace accords in 1996. Relying on State Department reports, the IJ further found that, while violence still occurs in Guatemala, no evidence supports Melecio's assertion that former guerillas seek retribution against those who supported the government prior to the peace accords. The IJ discredited Melecio's uncorroborated testimony regarding the alleged recent incident at his in-laws' home, finding it incredible that masked men would come looking for Melecio after his seven-year absence from the country, and finding no evidence that the men were guerillas seeking retribution for Melicio's refusal to join them in the 1980's. The BIA affirmed without opinion, making the IJ's decision the final agency action for purposes of our judicial review. See 8 C.F.R. § 3.1(a)(7)(iii).

To overturn the IJ's adverse finding, Melecio bears the heavy burden of showing that his evidence "was so compelling that no reasonable factfinder could fail to find the requisite fear of persecution." INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 483-84, 112 S.Ct. 812, 117 L.Ed.2d 38 (1992). We must affirm the agency's decision...