Metwest Inc. v. Secretary of Labor

• Decision Date: 03 April 2009
• Docket Number: No. 08-1061.,08-1061.
• Citation: 560 F.3d 506
• Parties: METWEST INC., a Subsidiary of Quest Diagnostics Incorporated, Doing Business As Quest Diagnostics, Petitioner v. SECRETARY OF LABOR, Respondent.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — District of Columbia Circuit

560 F.3d 506

METWEST INC., a Subsidiary of Quest Diagnostics Incorporated, Doing Business As Quest Diagnostics, Petitioner v. SECRETARY OF LABOR, Respondent.

No. 08-1061.

United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit.

Argued November 17, 2008.

Decided April 3, 2009.

On Petition for Review of a Final Order of the Administrative Review Board.

Brent I. Clark argued the cause for petitioner. With him on the briefs were James L. Curtis, and Elizabeth L. Ash. Lawrence P. Postol entered an appearance.

Jonathan L. Snare, Attorney, U.S. Department of Labor, argued the cause for respondent. On the brief were Joseph M. Woodward, Associate Solicitor, Charles F. James, Counsel for Appellate Litigation, and Scott Glabman, Senior Appellate Attorney.

Before: GINSBURG and HENDERSON, Circuit Judges, and RANDOLPH, Senior Circuit Judge.

Opinion for the Court filed by Senior Circuit Judge RANDOLPH.

RANDOLPH, Senior Circuit Judge:

The main question in this petition for judicial review of a decision of the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission is whether MetWest, Inc. can be held liable for violating a regulation governing the removal of needles from equipment used to extract blood. Relying on Alaska Professional Hunters Association, Inc. v. FAA, 177 F.3d 1030 (D.C.Cir.1999), and other decisions of this court, the company claims that the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) improperly altered the interpretation of its regulation without engaging in notice and comment rulemaking.

I.

In 1991, OSHA promulgated safety standards aimed at preventing the transmission of bloodborne pathogens in the workplace. See Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens, 56 Fed.Reg. 64,004 (Dec. 6, 1991). Several of these standards apply specifically to phlebotomists—the medical professionals who draw blood from patients at hospitals, doctors' offices, nursing homes, and clinics. The safety standard at issue in this case regulates the removal of needles after blood has been drawn.

The basic blood-drawing device consists of three parts: the needle, the blood tube holder, and the blood tube. The needle extends out of the front of the blood tube holder, a plastic device similar to a syringe but with an open back end. The blood tube, typically a glass tube with a rubber top, fits into the open back end of the blood tube holder. When the tube is inserted into this open end, its rubber top is pierced by the "back end" of the needle, which sticks out slightly into the back of the blood tube holder. The phlebotomist inserts the needle into the patient's arm; blood enters the needle and travels through it into the blood tube. When the tube is filled, the phlebotomist withdraws the needle from the patient's arm and removes the blood tube from the holder. The next step is to discard the needle.

Originally, phlebotomists removed used needles with a "two-handed" technique— they placed a plastic cap over the front of the needle and then unscrewed it manually. By the time OSHA promulgated its safety standards in 1991, medical suppliers had developed reusable blood tube holders that allowed for "one-handed" needle removal—the phlebotomist pressed a button on the blood tube holder and released the needle into a safe container. Although this method still exposed phlebotomists to a risk of needlesticks from the back end of the used needle, it was considered far safer than the original two-handed removal techniques. During the 1990s, medical suppliers also developed and marketed "single-use" blood tube holders. These devices became widely available and widely used beginning in 2003. With the single-use tube holder the phlebotomist does not remove the needle after use; he simply discards the holder and its attached needle into a safe container. Single-use holders are more costly than reusable holders, but they reduce the chances of injury due to "back end" needlesticks.

OSHA's 1991 regulation provides that "[c]ontaminated needles and other contaminated sharps shall not be bent, recapped or removed unless the employer can demonstrate [1] that no alternative is feasible or [2] that such action is required by a specific medical or dental procedure." 29 C.F.R. § 1910.1030(d)(2)(vii)(A) (emphasis added). Even if the employer demonstrates that bending, recapping, or removing the needle qualifies under one of these exceptions, the process "must be accomplished through the use of a mechanical device or a one-handed technique." Id. § 1910.1030(d)(2)(vii)(B). Initially, OSHA declined to enforce this section against employers who supplied their employees with reusable blood tube holders. OSHA followed this course even though such holders required manual needle removal. In October 2003, the agency issued a guidance document stating that using reusable blood tube holders likely violated 29 C.F.R. § 1910.1030(d)(2)(vii). Occupational Safety & Health Admin., Disposal of Contaminated Needles and Blood Tube Holders Used for Phlebotomy (Oct. 15, 2003). The guidance document also made clear that single-use holders were the safest type of blood tube holder and were, as of 2003, widely used in the phlebotomy industry. Id. OSHA's current policy is to enforce the provisions of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.1030(d)(2)(vii).

MetWest's parent company operates roughly 2,000 clinical testing facilities in the United States, only 400 of which employ single-use blood tube holders. MetWest typically supplies its phlebotomists with reusable holders. In February 2004, an OSHA compliance officer inspected a MetWest facility in Denver, Colorado. The officer issued the facility a citation for allowing its employees to remove needles from reusable blood tube holders in violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.1030(d)(2)(vii)(A). After an Administrative Law Judge and the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission upheld the citation, MetWest filed this petition for judicial review.

MetWest contends that OSHA, in several guidance documents and other interpretations issued during the 1990s, interpreted 29 C.F.R. § 1910.1030(d)(2)(vii) to permit the removal of needles from reusable blood tube holders in all circumstances. Then OSHA's 2003 guidance document and its enforcement policy changed the interpretation. Relying on a line of cases in this circuit, notably Alaska Professional Hunters, 177 F.3d at 1034, MetWest argued that OSHA had effectively amended its rule without the notice and comment rulemaking required by the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. § 553.

The first problem with MetWest's argument is that OSHA has never interpreted 29 C.F.R. § 1910.1030(d)(2)(vii) to allow the use of reusable blood tube holders in all situations. The guidance documents OSHA issued in the 1990s do not purport to establish such a sweeping rule. Each of the documents merely indicates that one-handed removal may be permitted when it is medically required or when no feasible alternative exists.¹ We have held that conditional or qualified statements, including statements that something "may be" permitted, do not establish definitive and authoritative interpretations. See, e.g., Darrell Andrews Trucking, Inc. v. Fed. Motor Carrier Safety Admin., 296 F.3d 1120, 1126 (D.C.Cir.2002); Hudson v. FAA, 192 F.3d 1031, 1035 (D.C.Cir.1999); compare Envtl. Integrity Project v. EPA, 425 F.3d 992, 998 (D.C.Cir.2005). None of the policy statements MetWest cites come close to the "express, direct, and uniform interpretation present in Alaska Professional Hunters." Ass'n of Am. R.Rs. v. Dep't of Transp., 198 F.3d 944, 950 (D.C.Cir.1999).

We have also held that so long as a new guidance document "can reasonably be interpreted" as consistent with prior documents, it does not significantly revise a previous authoritative interpretation. Air Transp. Ass'n of Am. v. FAA, 291 F.3d 49, 57-58 (D.C.Cir.2002) (quotation omitted). All of the documents MetWest cites are consistent with each other and with the text of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.1030(d)(2)(vii). The only logical reading of § 1910.1030(d)(2)(vii) is that it bans all needle removal unless an employer can demonstrate that no other alternative to removal is feasible, in which case removal is permitted using the one-handed technique. OSHA's guidance documents have always indicated that employers permitting their employees to remove needles should "demonstrate that no alternative ... is feasible" by including a "written justification (supported by reliable evidence)" in their exposure control plans.² Occupational Safety & Health Admin., Directive CPL 2-2.44D, Enforcement Procedures for the Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens at 22 (Nov. 5, 1999). This requirement, included in the first guidance document on the regulation, remained nearly unchanged in the last guidance document issued before MetWest's 2004 citation. See Office of Health Compliance Assistance, OSHA Instruction CPL 2-2.44C at 19 (Mar. 6, 1992); Occupational Safety & Health Admin., Disposal of Contaminated Needles and Blood Tube Holders Used for Phlebotomy (Oct. 15, 2003). The only meaningful difference between OSHA's early guidance documents and its later ones is that the later documents explicitly state that compliance officers should "review [the laboratory's] exposure control plan" for a "determination that no alternative is feasible" if laboratory employees are still removing needles from reusable blood tube holders. Occupational Safety & Health Admin., Directive CPL 2-2.69, Enforcement Procedures for the Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens (Nov. 27, 2001). This change in enforcement policy was to be expected, as the availability of single-use blood tube holders increased significantly between 1992 and 2004, eventually providing a "feasible" alternative to reusable holders and rendering one-handed removal unnecessary and therefore prohibited under § 1910.1030(d)(2)(vii).

Even if OSHA had interpreted 29 C.F.R. § 1910.1030(d)(2)(vii) to permit the use of reusable blood...