Miller v. Mass Transit Administration

• Decision Date: 03 July 1973
• Docket Number: No. 442,442
• Citation: 18 Md.App. 220,306 A.2d 261
• Parties: Willoris MILLER v. MASS TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION.
• Court: Court of Special Appeals of Maryland

Page 220

18 Md.App. 220

306 A.2d 261

Willoris MILLER v. MASS TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION.

No. 442.

Court of Special Appeals of Maryland.

July 3, 1973.

Samuel Blibaum, Baltimore, for appellant.

John J. O'Meara, Baltimore, for appellee.

Argued before POWERS, MOYLAN and DAVIDSON, JJ.

DAVIDSON, Judge.

Appellant sued appellee for damages for the personal injury she suffered while boarding appellee's bus. On 11 May 1972 in the Superior Court of Baltimore City, the case was tried before a jury, Judge Harry A. Cole presiding. At the conclusion of all of the evidence, the court granted appellee's motion for a directed verdict.

On appeal, the issue is whether appellant produced sufficient evidence to warrant submission of the case to the jury. In resolving that issue, it is not for this Court to weigh the evidence, but rather to determine whether the evidence before the trial court, when construed most favorably to appellant's position, would sustain her claim. Jacobson v. Julian, 246 Md. 549, 555-556, 229 A.2d 108, 112-113 (1967). The only evidence which need be considered in this determination is that relating to the issue of negligence.

Appellant testified that on 25 May 1971, she boarded an MTA bus with a bag in her left hand and arms and a shopping bag, her pocketbook and her bus fare in her right hand. She had her left foot on the bottom step and her right foot on the second step when the bus started off. She testified that when it started, 'the man was rough like,' meaning 'he taken off like he was in a hurry like.' Appellant lost her balance and fell down on her hands and knees.

Appellant contends that this evidence showed that she was in a position of peril known to appellee. Therefore, she contends, the showing that the bus started while she was in that position was sufficient evidence of appellee's negligence to justify submission of the case to the jury. Appellant contends further that even if her position was not one of peril, her showing of a rough, hurried start was sufficient evidence of appellee's negligence. Appellee disputes both contentions.

The general principles applicable to the issues in this case are well settled. A bus driver owes passengers the duty to exercise the highest degree of care consistent with the nature of his undertaking. Carolina Coach Company v. Bradley, 17 Md.App. 51, 54, 299 A.2d 474, 477 (1973); see Jacobson v. Julian, supra, 246 Md. at 559, 229 A.2d at 115. This obligation includes the duty to stop long enough to enable passengers to board the vehicle safely and reach a place of safety before the bus is started. Starting a vehicle at a time when the operator has reason to apprehend danger to the passenger because he has not reached such a position of safety is premature and constitutes negligence on the part of the carrier Grinath v. Baltimore and Bel Air Ry. Co., 145 Md. 290, 293, 125 A. 604, 605-606 (1924); Plummer v. W., B. & A. Elec. R. R. Co., 124 Md. 200, 207, 92 A. 536, 538 (1914); Baltimore City Pass. Ry. Co. v. Baer, 90 Md. 97, 107-108, 44 A. 992, 994 (1899); Baltimore Traction Co. v. State, use of Ringgold, 78 Md. 409, 426, 28 A. 397, 399 (1894); Central Ry. Co. v. Smith, 74 Md. 212, 218-219, 21 A. 706, 707-708 (1891). Once the passenger has reached a place of safety or is 'fairly on board,' it becomes his duty to use reasonable care to protect himself against movement of the vehicle which is the normal incident of public transportation. Retkowsky v. Balto. Transit Co., 222 Md. 433, 437, 160 A.2d 791, 793 (1960), and cases cited therein. Thereafter, the operator is not required to wait until the passenger has reached a seat before starting, absent special circumstances such as a passenger laboring under some apparent infirmity or disability. Starting the car after a passenger has gotten safely on board but before he is seated constitutes negligence on the part of the carrier only if the bus is started in an unusual, abnormal, extraordinary or negligent manner. Przyborowski v. Balto. Transit Co., 191 Md. 63, 66, 59 A.2d 687, 688 (1948); Brocato v. United Rys. and Elec. Co., 129 Md. 572, 575, 99 A. 792, 793 (1917); Carolina Coach Co. v. Bradley, supra, 17 Md.App. at 55, 299 A.2d at 477. Stated in another way, a public carrier

'. . . may be started after a passenger has got on board the car, and before he has reached a seat, unless there is some reason to apprehend danger in so doing, or the movement is in a negligent manner.' Plummer v. W. B. & A. Elec. R. R. Co., supra.

Applying these general principles to the instant case, we dispose first of the contention that the manner of starting the bus was negligent. Mere statements that the bus started 'rough like' or 'like he was in a hurry' are not sufficient in this state to establish negligence on the part of the operator. Johnston v. Greyhound Corp., 139 F.Supp. 551, 555-556 (D.Md. 1956); Kaufman v. Baltimore Transit Co., 197 Md. 141, 146, 78 A.2d 464, 467 (1951); Carolina Coach Co. v. Bradley, supra. We are not persuaded by appellant's argument that reasons of public policy warrant departure from these precedents. We find that the evidence was not sufficient to warrant submission to the jury of the issue of the alleged negligence of the operator in his manner of starting the bus.

Appellant's other contention, that she was in a position of peril when the bus started, raises a more difficult issue. Appellee argues that appellant failed to show, other than by inference, where she was on the bus when it started. In fact, appellee says, all of the evidence offered by appellant warrants the inference that she had safely boarded the bus and was moving toward a seat when it started. While appellant's testimony was not detailed and her evidence in its totality permits more than a single inference, her testimony that she had her left foot on the bottom step and her right foot on the second step when the bus started off was sufficient to permit a jury to infer that appellant was in the process of mounting the steps to the floor of the bus when the bus started. Therefore, we must assume this to be the fact for purposes of this decision. Retkowsky v. Balto. Transit Co., supra, 222 Md. at 435, 160 A.2d at 792. The only remaining question is whether evidence that a passenger was mounting the stairs of a bus when it started is sufficient to submit to the jury the question of whether the passenger had reached a position of safety prior to the starting of the bus.

Appellee contends that as a matter of law, appellant was not in a position of peril such that the operator of the bus was charged with the duty of keeping it stationary. In support of this position, he relies on the cases of Brocato v. United Rys. Co., supra, Przyborowski v. Balto. Transit Co., supra, and Retkowsky v. Balto. Transit Co., supra.

In Brocato, the plaintiff had gotten both feet upon an exterior platform of a trolley car, a level area large enough to hold a number of passengers and upon which other passengers were then standing. She attempted to move from this 'platform' to the interior of the car. The passenger standing behind her testified that 'just as she caught her foot on the step that leads into the car from the platform the car gave a jerk and she fell down and shoved me back.' The Court held these facts, unassociated with any unusual circumstances or conditions, insufficient to show negligence on the part of the company in starting the car while the plaintiff was still upon the platform and before she was seated.

In Przyborowski, the plaintiff boarded a trackless trolley. She put her fair in the fare box and handed a 'return slip,' which entitled her to a reduced fare, to the operator. The slip fluttered to the floor, and she stooped down on both knees to retrieve the slip. While she was so engaged, the trolley started with a very fast jerk and threw her to the floor. The Court there held that the passenger was 'fairly aboard' and affirmed the trial court's directed verdict for the defendant.

In Retkowsky, the plaintiff, a woman 66 years of age and carrying two shopping bags, boarded a streetcar. After getting on the car, she set one bag down, deposited her money in the fare box with her right hand, said to the operator, 'just a minute,' and started to turn around. As she got 'turned around in front of the box,' the operator started the car with a very sudden jerk which threw her off balance and down onto the floor. The Court of Appeals affirmed the directed verdict in favor the carrier.

All of these cases are part of a long line of cases, too numerous to review here, which make it abundantly clear that once a passenger has planted both feet on a level portion of the floor of a vehicle sufficient in size to carry passengers in safety-be the place within or without the actual body of the car-he is in a place of safety and fairly on board. The duty is then his to see that he is not harmed by the normal movements of the car. Thus, where the passenger has gotten both feet onto a level portion of a back platform leading to the interior of the car, as in brocato, has gotten both feet onto a level portion of the floor of the interior of the vehicle near the fare box, as in Retkowski, or has gotten both feet onto a level portion of the floor of the vehicle near the fare box and then has stooped down to her knees, as in Przyborowski, the issue of negligence cannot be submitted to the jury unless there is evidence to show that the injury was caused by an unusual, extraordinary, or abnormal start. None of these cases deal with the issue presented here of whether a passenger mounting the steps to the floor of a public conveyance has, as a matter of law, reached a position of safety.

In Baltimore City Pass. Ry. Co. v. Baer, supra, there was evidence to show that the appellee attempted to board an open trolley car when it had come to a stop. He had gotten both feet upon a narrow footboard which ran alongside of the car and was about to step up...