Milliken and Co. v. Eagle Packaging Co.
| Decision Date | 03 July 1980 |
| Docket Number | No. 50352.,50352. |
| Citation | 295 NW 2d 377 |
| Parties | MILLIKEN AND COMPANY, f.k.a. Deering Milliken, Inc., Appellant, v. EAGLE PACKAGING COMPANY, INC. et al., Defendants, and Dorn H. Sticha, Respondent. |
| Court | Minnesota Supreme Court |
Robins, Davis & Lyons and Michael L. Meyer, Minneapolis, for appellant.
Stuart E. Gale, Bloomington, for respondent.
Heard before TODD, YETKA, and WAHL, JJ., and considered and decided by the court en banc.
Plaintiff Milliken and Company (hereinafter, Milliken) brought this action on a debt owed by defendant Eagle Packaging Company, Inc. (hereinafter, Eagle) and personally guaranteed by defendants Fred Schwenk and Dorn Sticha. Defendants Eagle and Schwenk failed to answer the complaint, and default judgment was entered against them. The Hennepin County District Court found that defendant Sticha had orally revoked his written personal guaranty and entered judgment in his favor. Plaintiff appeals, arguing that Sticha's personal guaranty expressly requiring written notice of revocation was not revoked by oral notice to plaintiff's sales representative. We reverse.
Defendant Eagle Packaging Company, Inc. was organized in the summer of 1974 to engage in the business of packaging fruit juices. Defendants Schwenk and Sticha each owned half of Eagle's stock. In 1975, Eagle entered into a business relationship with plaintiff Milliken in which Milliken provided Eagle with a packaging machine, the T-300, on a rental basis, along with packaging materials, parts, and service. A lease agreement for the T-300 was signed July 30, 1975. Beginning in late 1975, Milliken extended credit on Eagle's account. By 1976, the Eagle account was approximately $5,000 in arrears.
In January or February of 1976, Eagle placed an order through Milliken's midwest sales representative, David Nicolai, to lease a second packaging machine, the VT-25. James Rohrbach, a credit analyst with Milliken, agreed, in light of Eagle's uncertain financial condition, to fill the order and keep Eagle's account open on the conditions that Eagle bring its open account current and that Schwenk and Sticha personally guarantee Eagle's future indebtedness. On March 9, 1976, Sticha signed a personal guaranty form provided by Milliken, which provides, inter alia, "This is a continuing and unconditional guarantee and shall continue until revoked by written notice sent to Milliken by registered mail to the above address and received by it."
Although Eagle wanted the VT-25 operating in February 1976, it was not delivered until August. Sticha testified that he was told that the machine intended for Eagle was sent instead to Beatrice Foods, which packages frozen novelties for Burger King. Nicolai indicated on cross-examination that he "may have" told Sticha or Schwenk that a machine meant for them had been shipped elsewhere. Rohrbach, however, testified that production and shipment of the VT-25 for Eagle was not authorized until after the Eagle account had been brought up to date.
The lease agreement for the VT-25 was executed June 16, 1976. Sticha testified that, because the delay in delivery of the VT-25 meant that it would not be available in time to tap the summer market for frozen novelties, he opposed this investment. Sometime in late April or May 1976, he met with David Nicolai at Eagle's France Avenue offices. Later, the meeting moved to the Ramada Inn bar. Sticha told Nicolai that he was willing to Sticha testified that Nicolai "told me at that time that he would notify the company, that he would take care of it and that is basically the extent of it." Nicolai testified that neither Sticha's role in the corporation nor the personal guaranty he signed was discussed at the France Avenue/Ramada Inn meeting.
Sticha indicated that, after the Eagle account was paid up to date in May 1976, he resigned as president, "turned over" the stock he owned in his wife's name, and ceased being a signator in the Eagle bank account. However, for several months thereafter, he contacted Schwenk for reports on Eagle's business. Papers signed by Sticha in connection with his withdrawal documented the continuing financial obligation from Eagle to Sticha of at least $13,000, part of which represents Sticha's original investment in Eagle. The documents further provided for sale of half of the corporation stock to Roger Mitchell, conditional on Mitchell's obtaining financing available to him as a member of a racial minority. On cross-examination, Sticha was asked whether Mitchell had in fact obtained financing, without which the stock transfer was "null and void." Sticha responded, James Rohrbach testified that he first became aware of the change in Sticha's involvement with Eagle in November of 1976 but that he was never informed that Sticha had completely withdrawn from the corporation.
Sometime early in the summer of 1976, Eagle headquarters were moved from their former France Avenue South location to an address on 12th Avenue South. Rohrbach became aware of that move in October or November of 1976 but was not concerned by the address change; he continued dealing with Schwenk, the Eagle principal with whom he had always dealt. Until late June or July of 1976, Nicolai met with both Schwenk and Sticha; thereafter, he dealt exclusively with Schwenk. In the spring of 1977, the T-300 and VT-25 formerly rented by Eagle were assigned by Milliken to a new business entity, Phoenix Foods, organized by Schwenk and Roger Mitchell, a consulting engineer who had shared office space with Eagle at least since early 1975.
This action was brought to collect indebtedness accruing in Eagle's account between May 1976 and April 1977, in the amount of $17,357.97. Defendants Eagle and Schwenk defaulted. The trial court found that, at the France Avenue/Ramada Inn meeting, David Nicolai assured Sticha that Nicolai would notify Milliken of Sticha's revocation of the guaranty, that Nicolai acted within his apparent authority in doing so, and that Sticha relied on those assurances.
The issues presented by this appeal are (1) whether a written personal guaranty requiring written notice of revocation may nevertheless be revoked orally and (2) whether the doctrines of partial performance and equitable estoppel preclude Milliken from enforcing the guaranty.
1. The guaranty Sticha signed expressly provides that it "shall continue until revoked by written notice" to Milliken. Milliken argues that any oral communications which may have occurred between Sticha and Nicolai could not operate to release Sticha from liability under the terms of the guaranty.
New York law supports plaintiff's position.1 Its statute of frauds provision states:
N.Y.Gen.Oblig.Law § 15-301 (McKinney) (1963). These provisions were enforced by New York's highest court in Chemical Bank v. Wasserman, 37 N.Y.2d 249, 333 N.E.2d 187, 371 N.Y.S.2d 919 (1975). There, defendant had signed an agreement in 1967 personally guaranteeing a loan from the bank to a corporation. The guaranty in that case, like the one Sticha signed, was continuing in nature and expressly provided that it could be terminated only by written notice to the bank. In 1970, the corporation satisfied its 1967 indebtedness and took a second loan, on which it subsequently defaulted. Like Sticha in the instant case, Wasserman admitted she had never given written notice of revocation required by the guaranty but contended "that her obligations under the 1967 guaranty were orally terminated by an officer of the respondent bank in 1970." 37 N.Y.2d at 251, 333 N.E.2d at 188, 371 N.Y.S.2d at 920. The court, however, held that under § 15-301, "the alleged oral notice is completely ineffectual to terminate appellant's obligations under the written guarantee which here specifically provided that it could not be modified or terminated, unless such modification or termination was communicated to the respondent in writing citations omitted." Id. at 252, 333 N.E.2d at 188, 371 N.Y.S.2d at 920. In the face of § 15-301, the court refused to recognize the common-law rule that a written agreement may be orally terminated, because the agreement expressly required termination in writing. Cf. Associated Food Stores, Inc. v. Siegel, 10 A.D.2d 1003, 205 N.Y.S.2d 208 (1960), aff'd, 9 N.Y.2d 816, 175 N.E.2d 343, 215 N.Y.S.2d 764 (1961).
Recent New York case law follows Chemical...
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