Mitchell v. State

• Decision Date: 10 February 1988
• Docket Number: No. 4-86-3023,4-86-3023
• Citation: 13 Fla. L. Weekly 396,521 So.2d 185
• Parties: 13 Fla. L. Weekly 396 Lawrence MITCHELL, Appellant, v. STATE of Florida, Appellee.
• Court: Florida District Court of Appeals

Page 185

521 So.2d 185

13 Fla. L. Weekly 396

Lawrence MITCHELL, Appellant, v. STATE of Florida, Appellee.

No. 4-86-3023.

District Court of Appeal of Florida Fourth District.

Feb. 10, 1988.

Richard L. Jorandby, Public Defender, and Thomas F. Ball, III, Asst. Public Defender, West Palm Beach, for appellant.

Robert A. Butterworth, Atty. Gen., Tallahassee, and Penny H. Brill, Asst. Atty. Gen., West Palm Beach, for appellee.

HERSEY, Chief Judge.

Lawrence Mitchell appeals his departure sentence, ascribing vindictiveness to the trial court which Mitchell alleges was engendered by his decision to go to trial rather than accept a plea bargain in which the trial court participated.

Appellant was charged by information with one count of robbery with a weapon, one count of simple battery and one count of resisting arrest without violence. Trial by jury commenced on October 16, 1986. After the testimony of Ms. Jordan, the victim of the crime and the state's first witness, defense counsel inquired of the trial court as to a possibility of a plea bargain. The trial court asked about the appellant's prior record. The prosecutor was amenable and provided an NCIC (National Computer Information Center) report for the trial court to examine. The trial court examined the report and questioned appellant about his parole status. The prosecutor offered to forego filing for habitual offender status or moving for departure from the guidelines sentence if appellant intended to enter a plea. The trial court agreed to sentence appellant at the top of the guidelines range of 7 to 9 years if the state would not file for habitual offender status. Against the advice of counsel, appellant rejected this offer and requested that the trial proceed. For the record, the trial court then stated

that the offer made was based upon entry of a plea at this time and based upon the state's indication that they would not be seeking--if he entered a plea now that they would not be seeking any aggravation and not be seeking a habitual offender status. Obviously, the court's position would be--could very well be entirely different at the conclusion of the trial should appropriate motions be filed.

Appellant was found guilty as charged on the robbery count, but was acquitted of the other counts. On November 26, 1986, the trial court sentenced him to 12 years in prison. The guidelines range was 5 1/2 to 7 years. The trial court filed written reasons supporting departure (offense committed within 3 months of release from custody for prior offense, and escalating nature of defendant's record). No objection was made by defense counsel to the departure.

Appellant argues that the trial court sentenced appellant to 12 years without any information other than that which the court considered when offering the mid-trial plea bargain of 7 to 9 years, and that the disparity is a vindictive penalty for his rejection of the plea and the exercise of his right to a trial by jury.

Preliminarily, the state argues that the issue was not preserved for review by contemporaneous objection. In State v. Rhoden, 448 So.2d 1013 (Fla.1984), the court held that sentencing errors may be raised on appeal even though not preserved by contemporaneous objection. In State v. Whitfield, 487 So.2d 1045 (Fla.1986), however, the court explained that Rhoden and its progeny rested on the ground that the absence of statutorily mandated findings rendered the imposed sentences illegal there being no statutory authority for those sentences. The court went on to hold that sentencing errors which do not produce an illegal sentence or an unauthorized departure from the sentencing guidelines require a contemporaneous objection if they are to be preserved for appeal. Id. at 1046.

In Dailey v. State, 488 So.2d 532 (Fla.1986), the court held that the contemporaneous objection rule applies to preclude appellate review of an alleged sentencing error under the guidelines where the error involves factual matters that are not apparent or determinable from the record on appeal, but that sentencing errors which are apparent from the four corners of the record may be reviewed on appeal even in the absence of a contemporaneous objection.

The state argues that the sentence imposed is legal and that review would involve a factual matter which is not apparent or determinable from the record; therefore, the matter was not properly preserved for appeal. We disagree. The existence of an error in situations such as this, where the appellant alleges judicial vindictiveness, will ordinarily be apparent from the four corners of the record on appeal and requires no evidentiary determinations by the trial court. (In Dailey, the defendant alleged that points were improperly added to the guidelines form because he was not under legal constraint at the time of the original offense and because there was no supporting evidence for the victim injury scoring.)

The Whitfield analysis of the Rhoden line of cases and the subsequent decision in Dailey all deal with sentencing under the guidelines, and the necessity of making the appropriate findings to support imposition of a guidelines sentence or a departure therefrom. The requirement of a contemporaneous objection is imposed in order to give the trial court an opportunity to rule on any underlying factual matters which have an effect on the sentence. We have found no cases which deal with the necessity of making a contemporaneous objection when the defendant feels he has been the victim of judicial vindictiveness.

The sentence imposed here is, on its face, valid and therefore any latent irregularity would appear to require a contemporaneous objection in order to be properly preserved for review under Whitfield. However, we hold that the presence of vindictiveness in sentencing a defendant would be so unfair as to amount to fundamental error. Therefore, we determine that, under these circumstances, counsel's failure to timely object should not preclude appellate review. The issue, then, is whether that factor affected the sentence here.

An accused may not be subjected to more severe punishment for exercising his constitutional right to stand trial. Gallucci v. State, 371 So.2d 148 (Fla. 4th DCA 1979), cert. denied, 383 So.2d 1194 (Fla.1980). However, plea bargaining is an approved method of encouraging guilty pleas by offering a defendant "the certainty of a lesser punishment or the possibility of a more severe punishment." United States v. Carter, 804 F.2d 508, 513 (9th Cir.1986), quoting from Frank v. Blackburn, 646 F.2d 873, 878 (5th Cir.1980).

When an accused voluntarily chooses to reject or withdraw from a plea bargain, he retains no right to the rejected sentence. Having rejected the offer of a lesser sentence, he assumes the risk of receiving a harsher sentence. Frazier v. State, 467 So.2d 447 (Fla. 3d DCA), rev. dismissed, 475 So.2d 694 (Fla.1985).

In sum, the defendant cannot be heard to complain if the fact that his sentence is greater than the plea offer is the result, not of the assertion of his rights, but of his rejection of the proposed agreement and of the fair conclusion as to his punishment which the court has the consequent ability to render. See United States v. Lippert, 740 F.2d 457 (6th Cir.1984); Frank v. Blackburn, 646 F.2d at 885; Martin v. Blackburn, 606 F.2d 92 (5th Cir.1979), cert. denied, 446 U.S. 911, 100 S.Ct. 1841, 64 L.Ed.2d 265 (1980); United States v. Cunningham, 529 F.2d 884, 888 (6th Cir.1976). Indeed, were the rule otherwise, and as defense counsel in this case explicitly recognized, all plea negotiations would necessarily be futile, since a defendant like Frazier could reject any offer with riskless impunity in the certain knowledge that, even if the jury found against him, the offer represents the outer limits of his possible exposure. But just as the Constitution does not forbid plea bargaining, it cannot be deemed to require--as it would if Frazier's position were accepted--the destruction of the process through the elimination of the shared understanding of its essential elements which forms its very foundation.

[I]t stretches our credulity to think that one who declines to plead guilty with a recommended sentence acceptable to the court should nevertheless be given the benefits of a bargain available to, but rejected by, him.

United States v. Resnick, 483 F.2d 354, 358 (5th Cir.1973), cert. denied, 414 U.S. 1008, 94 S.Ct. 370, 38 L.Ed. 246 (1973); People v. Davis , 48 Ill.Dec. at 663, 416 N.E.2d [1179] at 1185; People v. Morgan, 59 Ill.2d 276, 281-82, 319 N.E.2d 764, 767-68 (1974).

Id. at 450, 451.

However, when the trial judge is involved with the plea bargaining, and a harsher sentence follows the breakdown in negotiations, the record must show that no improper weight was given the failure to plead guilty. United States v. Stockwell, 472 F.2d 1186, 1187-88 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 411 U.S. 948, 93 S.Ct. 1924, 36 L.Ed.2d 409 (1973); Battles v. State, 482 So.2d 540 (Fla. 3d DCA 1986). See also Frazier, 467 So.2d at 449, n. 5.

The appellant argues that since the trial judge was involved in this plea negotiation a presumption of vindictiveness attaches which requires this court to remand for resentencing. In support of this argument appellant relies on this court's decision in Gallucci, 371 So.2d at 148. In that case the appellant's counsel called the trial court's attention to certain remarks of the prosecutor contained in the presentence investigation report, which suggested that the appellant be sentenced to the maximum jail term because he had rejected a negotiated plea involving a one-year jail term prior to trial. The prosecutor urged that once appellant had his jury trial, he should not get a better deal from the judge, since he was found guilty. The appellant argued that this was vindictive, and requested probation. The court denied probation and stated at the sentencing hearing that, after a jury trial,...