Monroe v. City of Woodville, Miss., 88-4433

• Decision Date: 22 March 1990
• Docket Number: No. 88-4433,88-4433
• Citation: 897 F.2d 763
• Parties: John MONROE, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. CITY OF WOODVILLE, MISSISSIPPI, et al., Defendants-Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit

Page 763

897 F.2d 763

John MONROE, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. CITY OF WOODVILLE, MISSISSIPPI, et al., Defendants-Appellees.

No. 88-4433.

United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.

March 22, 1990.

Rehearing and Suggestion for Rehearing En Banc Denied March 22, 1990.

Willie L. Rose, Southwest MS Legal Service, McComb, Miss., Carroll Rhodes, Hazlehurst, Miss., Deborah A. McDonald, Natchez, Miss., for plaintiffs-appellants.

Robert B. McDuff and Frank B. Parker, Lawyers Com'n for Civil Rights Under Law, Washington, D.C., for amicus curiae.

Dennis L. Horn, Jackson, Miss., Richard T. Watson, Woodville, Miss., for defendants-appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi.

ON PETITION FOR REHEARING

(Opinion Aug. 30, 1989, 5th Cir. 881 F.2d 1327)

Before GEE, GARZA and JONES, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Having considered appellants' motion for rehearing and decided that it is in part well-taken, the court herewith revises part A and the first sentence of part B of the opinion as follows: ¹

A. Political Cohesion

Based on the evidence before it, the district court concluded that the appellants did not prove political cohesion among the black voters in Woodville. That the appellants had the burden of proof on this issue is not disputed. See Overton, 871 F.2d 529, 543 (Jones, J., concurring). Appellants assert that this finding embodies an error of law as well as fact. They note that the district court accepted the parties' stipulation that both whites and blacks in Woodville generally vote along racial lines. According to appellants, Thornburg v. Gingles, Campos v. City of Baytown, 840 F.2d 1240 (5th Cir.1988), and Citizens for a Better Gretna v. City of Gretna, 834 F.2d 496 (5th Cir.1987), hold that if the district court finds that a minority group votes as a bloc for minority candidates, political cohesion within the minority group is proven even if the district court finds significant and consistent crossover voting by the black electorate. We disagree.

Thornburg does recognize that establishing "that a significant number of minority group members usually vote for the same candidates is one way of proving political cohesiveness...." 106 S.Ct. 2769-70 (emphasis added). Statistical proof of political cohesion is likely to be the most persuasive form of evidence, although other evidence may also establish this phenomenon. Brewer, 876 F.2d 448, 453 (lay testimony from members of the community on political cohesion might be sufficient). Nevertheless, courts must carefully examine statistical evidence of racial bloc voting to determine its relevance and probativeness to a finding of political cohesiveness. Accord Overton v. City of Austin, 871 F.2d 529.

Political cohesion is required under Thornburg for a fundamental reason. As the Court said, "if the minority group is not politically cohesive, it cannot be said that the selection of a multimember electoral structure thwarts distinctive minority interests." Thornburg 106 S.Ct. at 2767.

We turn, then, to the district court's finding that Woodville's blacks are not politically cohesive. The ambit of appellate review of this fact is limited. A finding is clearly erroneous when "although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed." Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 573, 105 S.Ct. 1504, 1511, 84 L.Ed.2d 518 (1985) (quoting United States v. United States Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 395, 68 S.Ct. 525, 542, 92 L.Ed. 746 (1948)).

If the district court's account of the evidence is plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety, the court of appeals may not reverse it even though convinced that had it been sitting as the trier of fact, it would...