Mumma v. Rainier Nat. Bank, 25914-8-I

• Decision Date: 22 April 1991
• Docket Number: No. 25914-8-I,25914-8-I
• Citation: 808 P.2d 767,60 Wn.App. 937
• Parties: , 14 UCC Rep.Serv.2d 1119 Jan E. MUMMA, Appellant, v. RAINIER NATIONAL BANK, Respondent.
• Court: Washington Court of Appeals

Page 937

60 Wn.App. 937

808 P.2d 767, 14 UCC Rep.Serv.2d 1119

Jan E. MUMMA, Appellant, v. RAINIER NATIONAL BANK, Respondent.

No. 25914-8-I.

Court of Appeals of Washington,

Division 1.

April 22, 1991.

As Amended May 9, 1991.

Reconsideration Denied June 14, 1991.

John S. Mills, Tacoma, for appellant.

Graham & Dunn, Peter McCormick, Seattle, for respondent.

BAKER, Judge.

Jan Mumma appeals the trial court's granting of summary judgment to respondent Rainier National Bank and denial of summary judgment to herself, alleging the trial court erred in failing to rule that respondent wrongfully accepted a check for deposit. We affirm.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Appellant Jan Mumma received a cashier's check from Mutual of Enumclaw representing a partial annuity withdrawal of $13,904.48. She then met with James H. Liddell, an investment advisor doing business under the corporate name JHL & Associates, Inc. Liddell agreed to invest Mumma's funds in Fidelity, a nationally traded mutual fund management company. At Liddell's direction, Mumma endorsed the check to "Fidelity/JHL & Associates". She alleges that she intended and expected that Fidelity as well as JHL & Associates would have to endorse the check.

Liddell deposited the check into the account of JHL & Associates, Inc. ("JHL") at Rainier National Bank ("Rainier") ¹ without any endorsement from Fidelity, but with JHL's endorsement in the form of a stamp. Rainier National Bank presented the check to the drawee bank and was paid on it. Mumma has been unable to recover her money from JHL, which is now insolvent, or from Liddell, who is serving a jail sentence for fraud stemming from this incident and others like it. Mumma brought suit against Rainier for conversion, breach of warranty and negligence in handling the check. The trial court dismissed Mumma's claims on Rainier's cross motion for summary judgment. This appeal followed.

DISCUSSION

The resolution of this case depends upon whether the slash or "virgule" symbol ("/") used by Mumma in endorsing her check is interpreted to mean "and" or "or". Mumma contends the slash is ambiguous and therefore, under RCW 62A.3-116, her check was not payable in the alternative. Rainier contends that the common meaning of the slash is "or", and thus the check was payable in the alternative either to Fidelity or JHL. This is an issue of first impression in Washington.

RCW 62A.3-116 provides:

An instrument payable to the order of two or more persons

(a) if in the alternative is payable to any one of them and may be negotiated, discharged or enforced by any of them who has possession of it;

(b) if not in the alternative is payable to all of them and may be negotiated, discharged or enforced only by all of them.

Mumma contends that ambiguous checks--checks "not in the alternative", RCW 62A.3-116(b)--are payable jointly and must have the endorsement of all payees. She argues that a slash is often used to connote something other than "or", citing as examples: miles/hour, 7/20/90, 3/4, and d/b/a. In addition, Mumma herself worked in the travel industry, where she alleges "M/M" is used to mean Mr. and Mrs. Since the slash can have many different meanings depending on its context, she argues that the symbol is ambiguous and the trial court's holding creates a trap for the unwary check writer.

Mumma's also argues that as a matter of public policy, a bank, rather than a random member of the public, should bear the cost of its choice to do business without properly scrutinizing check endorsements. Since a bank usually has recourse against its customer if a deposited check fails to clear, Mumma claims that some banks fail to use sufficient care in scrutinizing endorsements on checks presented for deposit (as opposed to checks presented for cashing). The simple precaution of requiring both parties to endorse a check that has an ambiguous payee line would protect all parties, Mumma argues.

Each of appellant's arguments assumes that an ambiguity exists. She disregards the plain meaning of the slash symbol, which two federal courts and courts in two other states have unanimously held to mean "or" in the same context presented here. Dynalectron Corp. v. Equitable Trust Co., 704 F.2d 737 (4th Cir.1983); L.B. Smith, Inc v. Bankers Trust Co. of W. New York, 80 A.D.2d 496, 439 N.Y.S.2d 543 (1981), aff'd, 55 N.Y.2d 942, 449 N.Y.S.2d 192, 434 N.E.2d 261 (1982); Brown Strober Bldg. Supply Corp. v. Living House, Inc., 107 Misc.2d 294, 433 N.Y.S.2d 724 (1980); Miron Rapid Mix Concrete Corp. v. Bank Hapoalim, B.M., 105 Misc.2d 630, 432 N.Y.S.2d 776 (1980); Dynalectron Corp. v. Union First Nat'l Bank, 488 F.Supp. 868 (D.C.D.C.1980); Ryland Group, Inc. v. Gwinnett Cy. Bank, 151 Ga.App. 148, 259...