Northern Concrete Pipe, Inc. v. Sinacola Companies-Midwest, Inc.

• Decision Date: 22 December 1999
• Docket Number: Docket No. 114004.
• Parties: NORTHERN CONCRETE PIPE, INC., Plaintiff-Appellee, v. SINACOLA COMPANIES—MIDWEST, INC., The R.L. Corporation, and Raymond LeDuc, Defendants-Appellants.
• Court: Michigan Supreme Court

603 N.W.2d 257

461 Mich. 316

NORTHERN CONCRETE PIPE, INC., Plaintiff-Appellee, v. SINACOLA COMPANIES—MIDWEST, INC., The R.L. Corporation, and Raymond LeDuc, Defendants-Appellants.

Docket No. 114004.

Supreme Court of Michigan.

December 22, 1999.

Dean & Fulkerson, P.C. (by Jeffrey L. Hudson and James M. Dworman), Troy, MI, for the defendants-appellants.

John F. Rohe and Todd Zachary, Co-Counsel [c/o John F. Rohe, Petoskey, MI], amici curiae, for Real Property Law Section of the State Bar of Michigan.

Maddin, Hauser, Wartell, Roth, Heller & Pesses, P.C. (by C. Robert Wartell and Mark H. Fink), Southfield, MI, amici curiae, for Michigan Land Title Association.

Opinion

PER CURIAM.

The plaintiff sought to enforce a construction lien, but the circuit court granted summary disposition to the defendants on the ground that the lien was untimely filed. The Court of Appeals reversed, finding substantial compliance with statutory requirements. We reverse in part the judgment of the Court of Appeals and reinstate the judgment of the circuit court.

I

This case concerns a construction lien¹ that was filed with regard to property owned by The R.L. Corporation.² The lien was filed by plaintiff Northern Concrete Pipe, Inc., a subcontractor who had provided labor and materials to a contractor named Sinacola Midwest, Inc.³

Such a lien must be filed within ninety days after the last date when materials or services are supplied. MCL 570.1111(1); MSA 26.316(111)(1).⁴ In the present case, it is admitted that materials were last supplied on November 10, 1993. Northern Concrete Pipe mailed its lien to the Oakland County Register of Deeds less than ninety days later,⁵ but it was twice returned. The lien was eventually accepted for filing after Northern Concrete Pipe supplied the complete legal description of the affected property, but the acceptance occurred on March 14, 1994, more than ninety days after November 10, 1993.

Sinacola failed to pay its subcontractor, Northern Concrete Pipe,⁶ and later filed for bankruptcy.

Northern Concrete Pipe filed suit against Sinacola⁷ and The R.L. Corporation, asserting several theories of liability. In count I of its complaint, Northern Concrete Pipe sought to foreclose on the construction lien.

The R.L. Corporation filed a motion for summary disposition, which the circuit court granted on the ground that the lien had not been timely filed.⁸

A divided panel of the Court of Appeals reversed the judgment of the circuit court.⁹ The majority found that the plaintiff's substantial compliance with the ninety-day filing deadline is sufficient in light of M.C.L. § 570.1302(1); MSA 26.316(302)(1),¹⁰ which provides:

This act is declared to be a remedial statute, and shall be liberally construed to secure the beneficial results, intents, and purposes of this act. Substantial compliance with the provisions of this act shall be sufficient for the validity of the construction liens provided for in this act, and to give jurisdiction to the court to enforce them.

Writing in dissent, Judge O'CONNELL urged adherence to the strict-compliance rule stated in Blackwell v. Bornstein, 100 Mich.App. 550, 553-555, 299 N.W.2d 397 (1980).¹¹ The R.L. Corporation has applied to this Court for leave to appeal.¹² We have also received motions from the Real Property Law Section of the State Bar of Michigan and the Michigan Land Title Association to appear as amici curiae. Each urges that we reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals because of the difficulties that will be faced by those who must determine valid title, if the ninety-day deadline for filing a construction lien is not strictly enforced.¹³

II

Judge O'CONNELL is correct.¹⁴ It is a cardinal rule of statutory construction that a clear and unambiguous statute warrants no further interpretation and requires full compliance with its provisions, as written. Tryc v. Michigan Veterans' Facility, 451 Mich. 129, 135, 545 N.W.2d 642 (1996). Within the Construction Lien Act, however, the Legislature provided an exception to that rule, in the form of the "substantial compliance" provision. As an exception, this provision should not be interpreted to nullify altogether the general rule that statutes should be interpreted consistent with their plain and unambiguous meaning. Richardson v. Warren Consolidated School Dist., 197 Mich.App. 697, 702, 496 N.W.2d 380 (1992). In fact, this Court has already determined that the "substantial compliance" provision is limited in its application. See Brown Plumbing & Heating, Inc. v. Homeowner Construction Lien Recovery Fund, 442 Mich. 179, 185, 500 N.W.2d 733 (1993)(precluding application with respect to recovery from the construction lien fund). We must therefore determine whether the "substantial compliance" provision here is applicable to the ninety-day filing requirement.¹⁵

The scope of a statutory "substantial compliance" provision requires an analysis, on a case-by-case basis, of the following logically relevant factors among others: the overall purpose of the statute; the potential for prejudice or unfairness when the apparent clarity of a statutory provision is replaced by the uncertainty of a "substantial compliance" clause; the interests of future litigants and the public; the extent to which a court can reasonably determine what constitutes "substantial compliance" within a particular context; and, of course, the specific language of the "substantial compliance" and other provisions of the statute.

With respect to the purpose of the provision in question, a ninety-day period of limitation advances policies of preventing stale claims and protecting defendants from the fear of protracted litigation. Chase v. Sabin, 445 Mich. 190, 199, 516 N.W.2d 60 (1994), quoting Bigelow v. Walraven, 392 Mich. 566, 576, 221 N.W.2d 328 (1974). This is especially important in light of the public's substantial interest in the certainty of land titles. Absent strict compliance with the ninety-day filing requirement of M.C.L. § 570.1111(1); MSA 26.316(111)(1), every construction project could create a potential cloud on the title to property, creating uncertainty in land titles. Moreover, where property owners and subsequent purchasers rely on the clear and unambiguous requirements of M.C.L. § 570.1111(1); MSA 26.316(111)(1), and find no notice of lien filed with the county office of the register of deeds, it would be inequitable to later subject those parties to the risk of foreclosure. Under these circumstances, certainty of title could only be achieved by researching the complete history of improvements with respect to a particular parcel of property and painstakingly obtaining waivers of lien from each contractor, subcontractor, materials supplier, and laborer.

A precise deadline is not well suited to an analysis of what constitutes "substantial compliance." Absent any additional statutory or judicial guidance, any determination of an alternate deadline, be it ninety-one days or one hundred days or more, is merely arbitrary. This difficulty in determining what constitutes "substantial compliance" with respect to a precise ninety-day deadline supports a conclusion that the Legislature did not intend the "substantial compliance" exception to apply here.

With respect to the statutory language in question, the most reasonable interpretation of "90 days" is precisely "90 days," particularly where, as here, the statute emphasizes that the lien "cease[s] to exist" if not recorded within the ninety-day deadline. Such provisions are not as well suited to a "substantial compliance" application as, for example, provisions requiring that certain information be filed with, or that certain showings be made before, public authorities or property owners. For example, where a notice-of-furnishing requirement exists to put an owner on notice that a contractor is improving property and that the possibility of a lien exists, M.C.L. § 570.1109; MSA 26.316(109), the court can ascertain whether, in fact, the owner received notice, even if not through a technical notice of furnishing. See, e.g. Vugterveen Systems, Inc. v. Olde Millpond Corp., 454 Mich. 119, 131, 560 N.W.2d 43 (1997).

The case before us is a clear instance in which the Legislature could not have imposed a more precise requirement. MCL 570.1111(1); MSA 26.316(111)(1) states without qualification that a subcontractor's right to a lien ceases to exist if not recorded in the county office of the register of deeds within ninety days after the last furnishing of labor or material.

In light of the unambiguous language of M.C.L. § 570.1111(1); MSA 26.316(111)(1), we reverse in part the judgment of the Court of Appeals and reinstate the judgment of the circuit court. MCR 7.302(F)(1).

WEAVER, C.J., and MICHAEL F. CAVANAGH, MARILYN J., KELLY, TAYLOR, CORRIGAN, YOUNG, and MARKMAN, JJ., concurred.

1. The lien was filed pursuant to the Construction Lien Act, M.C.L. § 570.1101 et seq.; MSA 26.316(101) et seq.

2. Defendant Raymond LeDuc is the president of The R.L. Corporation. He was sued along with his corporation, but we will not refer to him separately.

3. When suit was later filed, this defendant was identified as Sinacola Companies—Midwest, Inc. For present purposes, the exact name of this defendant is immaterial.

4. Notwithstanding [MCL 570.1109; MSA 26.316(109) ], the right of a contractor, subcontractor, laborer, or supplier to a construction lien created by this act shall cease to exist unless, within 90 days after the lien claimant's last furnishing of labor or material for the improvement, pursuant to the lien claimant's contract, a claim of lien is recorded in the office of the register of deeds for each county where the real property to which the improvement was made is located. A claim of lien shall be valid only as to the real property described in the claim of lien and located within the county where the claim of lien has been recorded. [MCL 570.1111(1); MSA 26.316(111)(1)....