Norton Hospitals, Inc. v. Peyton
| Decision Date | 25 October 2012 |
| Docket Number | Nos. 2010–SC–000818–DG, 2010–SC–000819–DG.,s. 2010–SC–000818–DG, 2010–SC–000819–DG. |
| Citation | 381 S.W.3d 286 |
| Parties | NORTON HOSPITALS, INC. (d/b/a Norton Suburban Hospital), Appellant, v. Brandi PEYTON, Appellee. and Neonatal Intensive Care Experts II, PLLC, et al., Appellants, v. Brandi Peyton, Appellee. |
| Court | United States State Supreme Court — District of Kentucky |
OPINION TEXT STARTS HERE
William P. Swain, Joseph M. Effinger, Patricia Colleen Le Meur, Phillips Parker Orberson & Arnett, PLC, Louisville, KY, Counsel for Appellant Norton Hospitals, Inc. (d/b/a Norton Suburban Hospital).
Beth Hendrickson McMasters, Sara Clark Davis, McMasters Keith, Inc., Louisville, KY, Counsel for Appellants Neonatal Intensive Care Experts II, PLLC and Ketan Mehta, M.D.
Jeremy Jon Nelson, Louisville, KY, Counsel for Appellee.
This case interprets KRS 620.050, which provides civil and criminal immunity to the reporters of suspected child dependency, neglect, and abuse. On the basis of that immunity, the Jefferson Circuit Court granted summary judgment in favor of Appellants Norton Hospitals, Inc. (Norton); Neonatal Intensive Care Experts II, PLLC (NICE); and Ketan Mehta, M.D. (Dr. Mehta) in a civil suit filed by Appellee Brandi Peyton (Peyton). The Court of Appeals reversed. We opine that the trial court properly applied the immunity statute where the Appellants had a good faith belief that there was “reasonable cause” to suspect child dependency, neglect, or abuse. Therefore, we reverse the Court of Appeals.
On the evening of April 17, 2007, Peyton, who was nine months pregnant, was admitted to Norton for a scheduled induction to be performed the following morning. In the course of her admission, Peyton provided a medical history and completed necessary paperwork. She admitted to prior use of “Street Drugs,” as indicated on her admitting record. In addition, in the “comments” section of her admitting record, a notation appeared reading, “NEEDS TOX SCREEN PER SOCIAL SERVICES....” Peyton had a history of drug use, and the Cabinet for Health and Family Services (Cabinet) had previously removed her older child from her care. However, it is undisputed that Peyton displayed no signs of intoxication upon her admission to Norton.
Norton generated a toxicology report, showing that Peyton had a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.3 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). Next to this result was the letter “H,” which Peyton alleges meant “high.” 1 For comparison, the report stated (correctly) that the Kentucky state level for intoxication is 80 mg/dL. While BAC is not an uncommon measurement, a person's blood alcohol level is more commonly understood in terms of blood alcohol percentage (“BAP” or “gm%”). Norton's report explained that to convert BAC to BAP, it is necessary to divide the BAC result by 1,000. Thus, Peyton's BAP was .0003 gm% 2—significantly below the Kentucky state intoxication level of .08 gm%.
On April 18, 2007, Peyton gave birth to a baby boy. Dr. Mehta, the attending neonatologist on duty, authorized the reporting of Peyton's blood alcohol level to the Cabinet in terms of BAP. A Cabinet report states that it received a fax from Norton: “Laboratory–Toxicology results on [Peyton] w/ ‘0.3 Ethyl Alcohol level as high’ on the test....” Peyton alleges that Dr. Mehta failed to perform the task of dividing her BAC by 1,000 before reporting it as her BAP. Norton alleges that Peyton's blood alcohol level was correctly reported, but misinterpreted by the Cabinet. The result was that the Cabinet believed Peyton's BAP to be 0.3 gm%—over three times the legal limit for intoxication. As a result, Peyton's son was removed from her care and has not been returned to her custody.3
Peyton filed suit on April 14, 2008, in Jefferson Circuit Court against Norton, Dr. Mehta, and Dr. Mehta's employer NICE, alleging medical malpractice; negligence in generating, interpreting, and reporting the toxicology report; and emotional distress, among other claims. The defendants filed motions for summary judgment, arguing that they were immune from suit pursuant to KRS 620.050(1), which grants civil and criminal immunity to anyone reporting suspected child abuse, neglect, or dependency when “acting upon reasonable cause in the making of a report or acting under KRS 620.030 to 620.050 in good faith....” The circuit court granted the defendants' motions, finding that the immunity provisions applied.
The Court of Appeals reversed, opining that a genuine issue of material fact existed as to who initiated the toxicology screening (i.e., whether it was requested by the Cabinet or initiated by Norton due to Peyton's admission of drug use), which, in its view, affected the availability of immunity under KRS 620.050(1), as well as KRS 620.050(14). This Court granted discretionary review to determine the parameters of the immunity granted by KRS 620.050.
“Recognizing the need for some type of reporting mechanism to discover instances of child abuse or neglect, all 50 states, together with the District of Columbia and the Virgin Islands, have enacted some type of statute requiring cases of child abuse to be reported to various authorities.” 4 In Kentucky, the mandatory reporting statute is codified as KRS 620.030, and it requires reporting by all persons who know or have reasonable cause to believe that a child is dependent, neglected, or abused.5
In addition, “[t]o encourage reporting by eliminating the fear of potential lawsuits, the statutes generally grant immunity from civil or criminal liability to the person submitting the report.” 6 Kentucky is no exception, and the General Assembly has granted civil and criminal immunity to anyone reporting suspected child abuse, neglect, or dependency, provided that the reporter is “acting upon reasonable cause in the making of a report or acting under KRS 620.030 to 620.050 in good faith....” 7
The standard of review on appeal of summary judgment is whether the trial court correctly found there are no genuine issues of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Hammons v. Hammons, 327 S.W.3d 444, 448 (Ky.2010); CR 56.03. The record must be viewed in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party and all reasonable doubts must be resolved in that party's favor. Steelvest, Inc. v. Scansteel Serv. Ctr., Inc., 807 S.W.2d 476, 480 (Ky.1991).
The decision of whether immunity applies in a given situation involves the determination of the material facts; however, the question of immunity is one of law and is to be determined by the trial court. 8 In addition, “[b]ecause immunity is designed to relieve a defendant from the burdens of litigation, it is obvious that a defendant should be able to invoke [an immunity statute] at the earliest stage of the proceeding.” 9 Therefore, a motion for summary judgment is generally an appropriate method for the trial court to determine whether immunity applies. Nevertheless, even in cases involving immunity, summary judgment may not be granted unless the record contains sufficient facts to determine that the defendant was entitled to immunity as a matter of law.10
KRS 620.030, the mandatory reporting statute, provides in relevant part:
(1) Any person who knows or has reasonable cause to believe that a child is dependent, neglected, or abused shall immediately cause an oral or written report to be made to a local law enforcement agency or the Department of Kentucky State Police; the cabinet or its designated representative; the Commonwealth's attorney or the county attorney; by telephone or otherwise.... Nothing in this section shall relieve individuals of their obligations to report.
...
(5) Any person who intentionally violates the provisions of this section shall be guilty of a:
(a) Class B misdemeanor for the first offense;
(b) Class A misdemeanor for the second offense; and
(c) Class D felony for each subsequent offense.11
Thus, any person who knows or has reasonable cause to believe that a child is dependent, neglected, or abused, has a legal obligation to report the suspected conduct, and criminal liability attaches for an intentional failure to perform that duty.
Along with prescribing criminal penalties for a failure to report, the General Assembly has granted civil and criminal immunity to reporters. The immunity is codified in KRS 620.050(1):
Anyone acting upon reasonable cause in the making of a report or acting under KRS 620.030 to 620.050 in good faith shall have immunity from any liability, civil or criminal, that might otherwise be incurred or imposed. Any such participant shall have the same immunity with respect to participation in any judicial proceeding resulting from such report or action. However, any person who knowingly makes a false report and does so with malice shall be guilty of a Class A misdemeanor.
(Emphasis added.)
The Appellants argue that KRS 620.050(1) requires only “good faith” on the part of the reporter for immunity to apply.12 There has been no allegation of bad faith on the part of the Appellants. In fact, in a deposition, Peyton acknowledged that there was not bad faith involved; however, Peyton argues that, in addition to good faith, the statute requires that the reporter have “reasonable cause” to suspect dependency, neglect, or abuse. This Court has not previously addressed this issue.
“When the words of the statute are clear and unambiguous and express the legislative intent, there is no room for construction or interpretation and the statute must be given its effect as written.” 13 “Only if the statute is ambiguous ... or otherwise frustrates a plain reading, do we resort to the canons or rules of construction....” 14
KRS 620.050(1) clearly states that a reporter (of dependency, neglect, or abuse) has immunity in either of two situations: where the reporter is acting upon reasonable cause, or where the reporter is acting in good faith un...
To continue reading
Request your trial
-
Nelson v. Lindaman
...while good faith is a subjective “ ‘determination of the state of the mind of the actor,’ ” id. at 23 (quoting Norton Hosps., Inc. v. Peyton, 381 S.W.3d 286, 292 (Ky.2012) ), summary judgment is appropriate when there is insufficient evidence of bad faith such as “acting with knowledge of t......
-
Schulkers v. Kammer
...Kentucky has enacted statutes that “encourage reporting by eliminating the fear of potential lawsuits.” Norton Hosp., Inc. v. Peyton, 381 S.W.3d 286, 290 (Ky. 2012). KRS § 620.030(1)-(2) mandates that “Any person who knows or has reasonable cause to believe that a child is dependent, neglec......
-
Pete v. Anderson
...there was no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. Norton Hospitals, Inc. v. Peyton, 381 S.W.3d 286 (Ky.2012). We will uphold a summary judgment only if after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the party oppos......
-
A.A. v. Shutts
...while the Immunity Statute seeks to "encourage reporting by eliminating the fear of potential lawsuits[.]" Norton Hosps., Inc. v. Peyton , 381 S.W.3d 286, 290 (Ky. 2012) (citation omitted). Our state Supreme Court has found the Reporting and Immunity Statutes are clear and unambiguous. Id. ......