Olston v. Hallock

• Decision Date: 03 October 1972
• Docket Number: No. 154,154
• Citation: 201 N.W.2d 35,55 Wis.2d 687
• Parties: Gordon R. OLSTON, Appellant, v. Donald H. V. HALLOCK, Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Milwaukee, et al., Respondents.
• Court: Wisconsin Supreme Court

Page 35

201 N.W.2d 35

55 Wis.2d 687

Gordon R. OLSTON, Appellant, v. Donald H. V. HALLOCK, Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Milwaukee, et al., Respondents.

No. 154.

Supreme Court of Wisconsin.

Oct. 3, 1972.

Ray T. McCann, Milwaukee, for appellant.

Whyte, Hirschboeck, Minahan, Harding & Harland, Milwaukee, Robert P. Harland and Richard C. Ninneman, Milwaukee, of counsel, for respondent Hallock.

Reinhart, Boerner, Van Deuren & Norris, Milwaukee, Paul V. Lucke, Milwaukee, of counsel, for respondents wardens and vestrymen.

CONNOR T. HANSEN, Judge.

The rules and procedures governing summary judgment are well established and have been so frequently stated by this court that no useful purpose would be served by again repeating them. Jahns v. Milwaukee Mut. Ins. Co. (1968), 37 Wis.2d 524, 527, 155 N.W.2d 674; Skyline Constr., Inc., v. Sentry Realty, Inc. (1966), 31 Wis.2d 1, 4, 5, 141 N.W.2d 909.

A matter should not be determined by summary judgment procedure when two conditions exist: (1) There are disputed facts; and (2) the disputed facts are material to the controlling legal issue or issues. Huckstorf v. Vince L. Schneider Enterprises (1968), 41 Wis.2d 45, 163 N.W.2d 190; Strack v. Strack (1961), 12 Wis.2d 537, 107 N.W.2d 632. The trial court properly and correctly determined that there was no substantial disputed issue of fact which would be the proper subject of a fact-finding proceeding; and that the disputed facts did not present a substantial or material issue related to the controlling legal issues presented. These findings are supported by the record and summary judgment procedure was proper in this case.

Whether any of the 'disputed facts' are 'material' depends entirely upon the permissible scope of civil court intervention in the ecclesiastical decisions made in this case. The government of St. Paul's is presbyterial rather than congregational. It is governed by both local and national canons and constitutions, and both provide procedures for the termination of a pastoral relationship with a particular church. These rules contain both the causes for removal and the procedures to be followed. There appears to be no dispute in the facts as to the procedure followed and the decision ultimately made by the Bishop and the Standing Committee. In the instant case, the dispute which exists is one of law.

We would agree that there is a dispute in facts that go to the merits of the decision reached by the ecclesiastical tribunal. However, in the instant case, the trial court was correct in determining that it had no jurisdiction to review the merits of the determination of the ecclesiastical tribunal. Under the facts of this case, the 'call' of Olston was not temporal in nature and civil court review is limited to determining whether the ecclesiastical tribunal had authority to proceed, and whether it proceeded according to its rules and procedures.

In Watson v. Jones (1872), 80 U.S. (13 Wall.) 679, 20 L.Ed. 666, at pages 728, 729, the court held:

'. . . The right to organize voluntary religious associations to assist in the expression and dissemination of any religious doctrine, and to create tribunals for the decision of controverted questions of faith within the association, and for the ecclesiastical government of all the individual members, congregations, and officers within the general association, is unquestioned. All who unite themselves to such a body do so with an implied consent to this government, and are bound to submit to it. . . .'

Later cases seem to have modified the rule set forth in Watson, supra. In Kedroff v. Saint Nicholas Cathedral (1952), 344 U.S. 94, 116, 73 S.Ct. 143, 154, 97 L.Ed. 120, discussing Watson, supra, the court stated:

'. . . The opinion radiates . . . a spirit of freedom for religious organizations, an independence from secular control or manipulation, in short, power to decide for themselves, free from state interference, matters of church government as well as those of faith and doctrine. Freedom to select the clergy, where no improper methods of choice are proven, we think, must now be said to have federal constitutional protection as a part of the free exercise of religion against state interference.' (Emphasis supplied.)

The court in Gonzales v. Roman Catholic Archbishop (1929), 280 U.S. 1, 16, 50 S.Ct. 5, 7, 74 L.Ed. 131, held:

'. . . Because the appointment is a canonical act, it is the function of the church authorities to determine what the essential qualifications of a chaplain are and whether the candidate possesses them. In the absence of fraud, collusion, or arbitrariness, the decisions of the proper church tribunals on matters purely ecclesiastical, although affecting civil rights, are accepted in litigation before the secular courts as conclusive, because the parties in interest made them so by contract or otherwise.' (Emphasis supplied.)

Wisconsin cases, although not numerous, have been in substantial accord with the decisions of the United States Supreme Court.

In Hellstern v. Katzer (1899), 103 Wis. 391, 396, 79 N.W. 429, 430, this court held:

'. . . This court has repeatedly disclaimed all right to determine mere questions of faith, doctrine, or schism, not necessarily involved in the enforcement of ascertained trusts, nor the determination of legal rights; and has also disclaimed any right of interference with mere church discipline, in the absence of any invasion of the legal rights of persons or property.' ¹

In Evangelical Lutheran St. Paul's Cong. v. Hass (1922), 177 Wis. 23, 187 N.W. 677, this court considered the status of a pastor under a congregational form of church government as distinguished from the presbyterial form of church government, as in the instant case, and at page 31, 187 N.W. at page 680 it is stated:

'. . . The right of a congregation to remove its pastor with or without cause is a temporal right, unless otherwise clearly specified in the charter or by-laws of the congregation. Civil courts will apply civil remedies to the disputes of religious bodies unless the laws of such bodies provide for specific ecclesiastical remedies. In the instant case we fail to find any ecclesiastical remedies in the constitution of the plaintiff (church) that apply to the situation. . . .'

In the instant case, the trial court found that the Bishop had authority under ecclesiastical law, to terminate Olston's position and that all proper procedures had been followed as set forth in Canon 40 of the local church, which was adopted pursuant to Canon 45 of the national church organization. We think it is clear that the plaintiff is seeking a civil tribunal review of the merits of the findings and decision of the Bishop and the Standing Committee, which determined that there was a serious disagreement existing between...