Osmond v. Spence, Civ. A. No. 3940.

• Decision Date: 13 June 1972
• Docket Number: Civ. A. No. 3940.
• Parties: Louis H. OSMOND et al., Plaintiffs, v. Ernest S. SPENCE et al., Defendants.
• Court: U.S. District Court — District of Delaware

359 F. Supp. 124

Louis H. OSMOND et al., Plaintiffs, v. Ernest S. SPENCE et al., Defendants.

Civ. A. No. 3940.

United States District Court, D. Delaware.

June 13, 1972.

Elwyn Evans, Jr., of the Community Legal Aid Society, Inc., Wilmington, Del., for plaintiffs, Louis H. and Marie L. Osmond, Stanley M. Burton, William L. and Jesse Mae Barbour, Stella M. (Dawkins) Townsend, Clarence W. and Shelly J. DuBois, Henry C. and Marie D. Dehoyos and Karl B. Ebert.

David Roeberg, of Sullivan, Potter & Roeberg, Wilmington, Del., for plaintiffs, John and Joan Walsh, and Joel Katz.

John M. Bader, of Bader, Dorsey & Kreshtool, Wilmington, Del., for plaintiff Robert F. Gregg.

William J. Wier, Jr., and Bertram S. Halberstadt, Wilmington, Del., for the American Civil Liberties Union, appearing in behalf of the plaintiffs as amicus curiae.

Joseph J. Longobardi, of Longobardi & Schwartz, Wilmington, Del., for defendant Ernest S. Spence.

Robert E. Daley, Asst. New Castle County Atty., Wilmington, Del., for defendants, Paul E. Neill and Eleanor Riley.

Martin I. Lubaroff, of Richards, Layton & Finger, and Eduard F. von Wettberg, III, of Morris, James, Hitchens & Williams, Wilmington, Del., for Delaware Bankers Association.

Alfred J. Lindh, of Taylor, Lindh, Paul & Biden, Wilmington, Del., for Lease Service Associates for Delaware, Inc.

Samuel Handloff, Wilmington, Del., for Signal Finance Corp. of Newark.

Frederick Knecht, Jr., Wilmington, Del., for Associates Discount Corp., Colonial of Delaware, and Cooper's Home Furnishing.

Before VAN DUSEN, Circuit Judge, and WRIGHT and LAYTON, District Judges.

SUPPLEMENTARY OPINION.

PER CURIAM:

On March 6, 1972, the Supreme Court vacated this Court's judgment and remanded this case for reconsideration in light of Overmyer v. Frick, 405 U.S. 174, 92 S.Ct. 775, 31 L.Ed.2d 124 (1972) and Swarb v. Lennox, 405 U.S. 191, 92 S.Ct. 767, 31 L.Ed.2d 138 (1972). At the request of the Court, both parties have submitted memoranda and presented oral argument concerning their respective positions regarding the effect of Overmyer and Swarb on this Court's opinion and the appropriate action to be taken by this Court under the Supreme Court mandate.

In its initial opinion (reported at 327 F.Supp. 139, 1971), this Court ruled that the Delaware statute, 10 Del.Code § 2306, authorizing the entry of judgments pursuant to notes containing cognovit clauses was unconstitutional as violative of constitutional procedural due process. The confession of judgment procedure was held to be defective since it sanctioned the recordation of judgments prior to a hearing on, and judicial determination of, the question of whether, by signing a note containing the cognovit clause, a debtor had effectively waived his constitutional right to notice and a hearing on the merits.

Subsequent to the Court's original opinion, and evidently in response thereto, the Delaware Legislature amended 10 Del.C. § 2306 to implement a new confession of judgment procedure. The amended statute insofar as it applies to judgments entered prospectively is not before the Court. In spite of the amendment, the defendants argue that the present controversy is not moot since the Court's opinion has cast doubt on the constitutionality of all judgments entered prior to the adoption of the new statute. Arguing that the holdings of Overmyer and Swarb conclusively establish the constitutionality of the original 10 Del.C. § 2306, the defendants assert that this Court should modify its opinion and order to eliminate its conclusion that the statute was unconstitutional.

After examination of the Supreme Court's opinions, this Court continues to adhere to its original conclusion and reiterates its analysis of the constitutional infirmity of the original 10 Del.C. § 2306. In Overmyer and Swarb, the Supreme Court was confronted with per se challenges to confession of judgment statutes. The issue before the Court was whether such statutes are unconstitutional on their face because "`it is unconstitutional to waive in advance the right to present a defense in an action on a note'", Overmyer v. Frick, supra, at 184, of 405 U.S., at 782 of 92 S.Ct. See Swarb v. Lennox, supra, at 200 of 405 U.S., 92 S.Ct. 767. Rejecting the per se claim, the Supreme Court held that the constitutional right to a notice and a hearing on the merits prior to an entry of judgment are subject to waiver. The opinion stressed that waiver is an issue to be determined on the facts of each case. However, contrary to the defendant's contention, the Court did not decide the question of the timing of this factual determination.

This Court rejected a similar per se attack in its first opinion, and was, therefore, confronted with the waiver issue. Holding that the mere execution of a note containing a cognovit clause did not conclusively establish a waiver of a debtor's due process rights, the Court necessarily reached the question of the timing of the determination of whether a knowing and intelligible waiver had occurred. The Court's analysis is set forth at 327 F.Supp., 1353-1358, and supports its conclusion that constitutional due process requires that a judicial determination of waiver must precede entry of judgment.

Reiterating what the Supreme Court has frequently held, both Overmyer and Swarb support the position that procedural due process requires that an individual be afforded notice and a hearing on the merits before entry of judgment against him. See Boddie v. Connecticut, 401 U.S. 371, 91 S.Ct. 780, 28 L.Ed.2d 113 (1971); Sniadach v. Family Finance Corp., 395 U.S. 337, 89 S.Ct. 1820, 23 L.Ed.2d 349 (1969); and Mullane v. Central Hanover Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 70 S.Ct. 652, 94 L.Ed. 865 (1950). At the hearing, the alleged debtor has the right to raise whatever defenses he may have against the validity of the underlying obligation. Since a signed cognovit note does not constitute proof of an effective waiver, a hearing and judicial determination are necessary, and an understanding and voluntary waiver must be shown prior to entry of judgment. Unless a hearing is conducted on the waiver question before the judgment is entered, an alleged debtor will be deprived of his due process rights on every occasion when an effective waiver had not occurred upon initial execution of the note. The only procedure guaranteeing that such deprivation will not take place is to require hearings on the waiver issue before permitting judgments to be...