Overstreet v. Warden

• Decision Date: 27 January 2016
• Docket Number: No. 13–14995.,13–14995.
• Citation: 811 F.3d 1283
• Parties: Johnny OVERSTREET, Jr., Petitioner–Appellant, v. WARDEN, Respondent–Appellee, Attorney General, State of Georgia, Respondent.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eleventh Circuit

811 F.3d 1283

Johnny OVERSTREET, Jr., Petitioner–Appellant,

v.WARDEN, Respondent–Appellee,Attorney General, State of Georgia, Respondent.

No. 13–14995.

United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.

Jan. 27, 2016.

John P. Brumbaugh, King & Spalding LLP, Atlanta, GA, for Petitioner–Appellant.

Clint Christopher Malcolm, Paula Khristian Smith, Samuel Scott Olens, Georgia Department of Law, Atlanta, GA, for Respondent–Appellee.

Before MARTIN, ANDERSON and BLACK, Circuit Judges.

BLACK, Circuit Judge:

Johnny Overstreet, Jr., a Georgia prisoner, appeals the district court's denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition for writ of habeas corpus. This Court granted a certificate of appealability on the following issue:

Whether appellate counsel rendered ineffective assistance in failing to argue that there was insufficient evidence to support Overstreet's kidnapping convictions in light of Garza v. State , 670 S.E.2d 73, 78 (2008).

After careful review and with the benefit of oral argument, we answer the certified issue in the affirmative, reverse the order of the district court, and remand with instructions for the district court to issue the writ.

In 2007, a jury found Overstreet guilty of 35 counts arising from his role in armed robberies of five fast-food restaurants. Among Overstreet's convictions were four counts for kidnapping. The record shows¹ that Overstreet's kidnapping convictions were based on Overstreet's leading the restaurant manager to the restaurant safe in a back room or office and then ordering the manager to open the safe. On two of the four occasions, before fleeing, Overstreet led the restaurant manager back to the front of the restaurant, where the remaining employees were being held. Under Georgia law at the time of Overstreet's conviction, Overstreet's moving the restaurant managers in this manner was sufficient to satisfy the asportation element of kidnapping. See Lyons v. State , 282 Ga. 588, 652 S.E.2d 525, 528 (2007) ("The requirement of asportation to prove kidnapping is satisfied if there is movement of the victim, however slight that movement is.").

In 2008, the Georgia Supreme Court modified the test for asportation, overruling Lyons. Garza, 670 S.E.2d at 78. Under the new test, movement of a victim that is "part and parcel" of an independent crime, such as armed robbery, would generally not be considered asportation. Id. at 76 (discussing, as an example of a situation that should not constitute kidnapping, "the robber who forces his victim to move from one room to another in order to find a cashbox or open a safe") (quotation omitted). This modification applied to any kidnapping conviction that had not yet been adjudicated on direct appeal. See Kollie v. State, 301 Ga.App. 534, 687 S.E.2d 869, 874 (2009).²

In 2009, the Georgia Court of Appeals overturned several kidnapping convictions in which the movement of the victim was part and parcel of an armed robbery. Kollie, 687 S.E.2d at 875 (movement of victim to safe in back office then to front of restaurant); Grimes v. State, 297 Ga.App. 720, 678 S.E.2d 167, 168 (2009) (movement of victim from front of restaurant to money cabinet in back office, then to front cash register).Kollie and Grimes are substantially identical to the pertinent facts in Overstreet's case. See 687 S.E.2d at 873, 678 S.E.2d at 168. Likewise, Garza's example of "the robber who forces his victim to move from one room to another in order to find a cashbox or open a safe" is strikingly similar to the pertinent facts in Overstreet's case. Garza, 670 S.E.2d at 76 (quotation omitted). Garza, Grimes, and Kollie were all decided after Overstreet's conviction but before his direct appeal. Thus, as in Grimes and Kollie, Overstreet's kidnapping convictions were likely to be reversed on appeal.

Fifteen months after Garza, nine months after Grimes, and three months after Kollie, Overstreet's appellate counsel³ filed a brief in support of Overstreet's direct appeal of his convictions. The brief mentioned neither asportation generally nor Garza and its progeny specifically. The brief argued, among other things, that Overstreet's conviction was "strongly against the weight of the evidence" and challenged the credibility of several witnesses for the prosecution. Without having been notified in any way of the Garza issue, the Georgia Court of Appeals denied Overstreet's appeal. Overstreet v. State, 304 Ga.App. 275, 696 S.E.2d 114 (2010).

In the ensuing years, Overstreet sought habeas corpus relief in the Georgia Superior Court, the Georgia Supreme Court, and the United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia. Before each court, Overstreet, proceeding pro se, argued that his appellate counsel had been ineffective for failing to raise Garza. Among a series of meritless arguments, Overstreet attempted to articulate a meritorious argument—Overstreet's appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise Garza because Garza changed the law and compelled reversal of the four kidnapping counts.

Although Overstreet raised a meritorious claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, both the Georgia Superior Court and district court appear to have been mired in Overstreet's many meritless claims and to have misinterpreted Overstreet's argument as being a fact-based challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence presented at trial. Overstreet's challenge was not based on the facts but on the law—the jury had convicted Overstreet using the wrong test for asportation, and the facts did not support the asportation element under the new law. Without ever mentioning Garza or its progeny, each court denied Overstreet's request for relief. With the benefit of thorough briefing and oral argument as to the single issue on appeal, the Court now recognizes what was nearly overlooked: Overstreet's appellate counsel rendered ineffective assistance under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984).

When reviewing a district court's denial of a 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition, we review "questions of law and mixed questions of law and fact, including ineffective assistance of counsel claims, de novo, and review findings of fact for clear error." Pardo v. Sec'y, Fla. Dept. of Corr., 587 F.3d 1093, 1098 (11th Cir.2009). The Court is "highly deferential" to a state court's adjudication on the merits. Id. When a state court has adjudicated on the merits a state prisoner's claim, a federal court may grant the writ of habeas corpus only if the state court's decision:

(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or

(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.

28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). "A state court decision involves an unreasonable application of Supreme Court precedent ‘if the state court identifies the correct governing legal rule from [Supreme Court] cases but unreasonably applies it to the facts of the particular state prisoner's case.’ " Bottoson v. Moore, 234 F.3d 526, 531 (11th Cir.2000) (quoting Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 407–08, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000) ). "Where a state court's decision is unaccompanied by an explanation, the habeas petitioner's burden still must be met by showing there was no reasonable basis for the state court to deny relief." Harrington v. Richter,

562 U.S. 86, 98, 131 S.Ct. 770, 178 L.Ed.2d 624 (2011).

Strickland governs a claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. Dell v. United States, 710 F.3d 1267, 1273 (11th Cir.2013). Under Strickland, a petitioner must show (1) his attorney's performance was deficient, and (2) the deficient performance prejudiced the petitioner's defense. 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052. When considering deficient performance, a court must presume counsel's performance was "within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance." Id. at 689, 104 S.Ct. 2052. Appellate counsel has no duty to raise every non-frivolous issue and may reasonably weed out weaker (albeit meritorious) arguments. See Philmore v. McNeil, 575 F.3d 1251, 1264 (11th Cir.2009). "Generally, only when ignored issues are clearly stronger than those presented, will the presumption of effective assistance of counsel be overcome." Smith v. Robbins, 528 U.S. 259, 288, 120 S.Ct. 746, 145 L.Ed.2d 756 (2000) (quoting Gray v. Greer, 800 F.2d 644, 646 (7th Cir.1986) ); see also Burger v. Kemp, 483 U.S. 776, 784, 107 S.Ct. 3114, 97 L.Ed.2d 638 (1987) (finding no ineffective assistance of counsel when the failure to raise a particular issue had "a sound strategic basis"). A petitioner satisfies the prejudice prong upon showing that "there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052. "The standards created by Strickland and § 2254(d) are both highly deferential, and when the two apply in tandem, review is doubly so." Harrington, 562 U.S. at 105, 131 S.Ct. 770 (internal citation and quotations omitted).

Overstreet's appellate counsel's failure to make a Garza argument can be explained in one of two ways: he either failed to recognize or elected not to raise this strong basis for reversal of four criminal convictions.⁴ Either way, counsel's performance is patently deficient. Cf. Cave v. Singletary, 971 F.2d 1513, 1518 (11th Cir.1992) ("The attorney's choice of tactic must be reasonable under the circumstances.") (emphasis in original). Although Overstreet's appellate counsel made arguments in support of more comprehensive relief than reversal of just four out of 35 counts, no argument was particularly likely to succeed. Even if meritorious, none of appellate counsel's arguments was as compelling as Garza, which almost certainly would have resulted in reversal of the...