Oxford v. Hamilton, 88-209

• Decision Date: 30 January 1989
• Docket Number: No. 88-209,88-209
• Citation: 297 Ark. 512,763 S.W.2d 83
• Parties: James Odis OXFORD, Jr., Appellant, v. Donald G. HAMILTON and Snap-On Tools Corp., Appellees.
• Court: Arkansas Supreme Court

Page 83

763 S.W.2d 83

297 Ark. 512

James Odis OXFORD, Jr., Appellant, v. Donald G. HAMILTON and Snap-On Tools Corp., Appellees.

No. 88-209.

Supreme Court of Arkansas.

Jan. 30, 1989.

Roy & Lambert, Springdale, for appellant.

W.W. Bassett, Jr. and Angela M. Doss, Fayetteville, for appellees.

HICKMAN, Justice.

This is an automobile accident case. The appellant was seriously injured when his car collided with a truck driven by the appellee, Donald Hamilton, who was a dealer for Snap-On Tools Corporation. The jury found the appellant 90% negligent and Hamilton 10% negligent. Snap-On Tools had been dismissed as a party on a motion for summary judgment.

Oxford appeals, raising four issues. Finding his arguments meritless, we affirm the jury's verdict.

Immediately after the accident, Oxford was taken to the emergency room. A blood alcohol test was ordered by the attending physician, and it showed the alcohol content in Oxford's blood to be .174. The first issue is whether the test result should have been introduced into evidence at trial. Oxford claims it was a privileged communication between him and his doctor and therefore inadmissible under A.R.E. Rule 503.

Had this case arisen before the adoption of the Uniform Rules of Evidence, undoubtedly the test results would have been excluded. The physician/patient privilege was governed by Ark.Stat.Ann. § 28-607 (1947). Under that law, any information acquired from a patient while a doctor or nurse attended him and any information necessary to enable the doctor or the nurse to prescribe or do any act for the patient as a surgeon or trained nurse was protected.

Based on that statute, we held in Ragsdale v. State, 245 Ark. 296, 432 S.W.2d 11 (1968), that when a blood alcohol test was ordered by a physician, the result of the test was inadmissible. In Freeman v. State, 258 Ark. 617, 527 S.W.2d 909 (1975), a doctor's testimony regarding the removal of a bullet from Freeman's abdomen was held inadmissible. The Freeman opinion made it clear that the privilege protected information gained by means other than direct communication with the patient.

But these two cases are no longer the law. The enactment of the Uniform Rules of Evidence in 1976 significantly changed Arkansas law regarding physician/patient privilege, and we so held in Baker v. State, 276 Ark. 193, 637 S.W.2d 522 (1982). In that case, Baker sought treatment for gonorrhea and claimed the fact that he had been so treated was privileged.

We originally held that the fact Baker had been tested was privileged, but we changed our mind on rehearing. In a substituted opinion we recognized the law had been changed:

The legislature made a significant change by adopting a more sensible rule and on rehearing we recognize that change. The rule not only applies to criminal cases but civil as well.

While the former law protected "any information," the new rule granted the privilege only to confidential communications. We held that "the real protection is aimed at preventing a doctor from repeating what a patient told him in confidence." Justice Purtle recognized in his dissent that we do not interpret the rule to protect a physician's "description of the injuries or ailments or disease."

The court of appeals relied on our decision in Baker in Barker v. State, 21 Ark.App. 56, 728 S.W.2d 204 (1987). Barker had testified that he was attacked first by the man he killed. A physician was allowed to testify that he examined Barker and found no serious injuries or abrasions on him. More recently in Bussard v. State, 295 Ark. 72, 747 S.W.2d 71 (1988), we reaffirmed our interpretation of Rule 503. The appellant had been taken to the hospital for treatment of a gunshot wound. The bullet taken from his body was matched with a gun found at the scene of the crime. The appellant's doctor was allowed to testify about removing the bullet.

We hold that the result of the blood test was not a confidential communication and was properly admitted into evidence. ¹ There are courts which would reach a different result. See State v. Pitchford, 10 Kan.App.2d 293, 697 P.2d 896 (1985); In re M.P.C., 165 N.J.Super. 131, 397 A.2d 1092 (1979). But we have made it clear how we interpret Rule 503 and leading authorities on evidence would agree with our interpretation. See E. Cleary, McCormick on Evidence § 105, at 258-60 (3d ed. 1984); 8 J. Wigmore, Evidence in Trials at Common Law § 2380a, at 828-32 (McNaughton Rev.1961).

The second issue concerns the introduction of medical records which reflected Oxford's history of heavy drinking and alcoholism. ² The objection was that the evidence was irrelevant or at least more prejudicial than probative.

This was a civil suit in which Oxford sued for damages for future pain and suffering, loss of future earnings, and loss of earnings capacity. The jury was instructed that, in computing the appellant's life expectancy, it could consider the mortality table "in connection with other evidence relating to the probable life expectancy of [the appellant], including evidence of...