P.L.R., In Interest of, 82-1242

• Decision Date: 01 June 1983
• Docket Number: No. 82-1242,82-1242
• Citation: 435 So.2d 850
• Parties: In the Interest of P.L.R., a child.
• Court: Florida District Court of Appeals

Page 850

435 So.2d 850

In the Interest of P.L.R., a child.

No. 82-1242.

District Court of Appeal of Florida Fourth District.

June 1, 1983.

Rehearing Denied Aug. 24, 1983.

Richard L. Jorandby, Public Defender, Anthony Calvello, Asst. Public Defender, and William Millsap, Legal Intern, West Palm Beach, for appellant.

Jim Smith, Atty. Gen., Tallahassee, Robert L. Bogen and Stewart J. Bellus, Asst. Attys. Gen., West Palm Beach, for appellee.

ANSTEAD, Judge.

P.L.R., a juvenile, appeals from his adjudication of delinquency and the sentence rendered after the trial judge found him guilty of possession of marijuana. The only issue raised on appeal is whether the trial court erred in denying P.L.R.'s motion to suppress which was predicated on his claim that he had been illegally arrested and searched.

On February 10, 1982, Officer Joseph Lotta arrested an individual in an area of Pompano Beach that is known to the police as a high narcotics trafficking area, and as the site for a great number of street transactions in small amounts of marijuana. A group of youths approached the patrol car to ask about the arrest. One of the group, P.L.R., rode up to Lotta on his bicycle. Lotta had seen P.L.R. in the area before. P.L.R. was wearing a sweatshirt with two pockets in front. The left pocket was bulging open revealing a small yellow or brownish manila envelope which, according to Lotta, was of the type commonly used in the area and known to police officers as a "nickel bag of marijuana." Lotta reached down and removed the manila envelope from P.L.R.'s pocket, smelled it and determined that it smelled like marijuana. Lotta then opened the envelope and found a green vegetable matter that appeared to be marijuana. He then placed P.L.R. under formal arrest. Lotta subsequently testified that he had seen such envelopes used to package marijuana in "excess of a hundred times" and, in fact, that was "the only use I've ever seen these envelopes put to."

Officer Gordon Shoppe was also present at the scene. Shoppe corroborated Lotta's testimony regarding the extensive use of the type of envelope seized as a container for marijuana. He recognized P.L.R. as a "regular on the corner," one of a group of juveniles who don't go to school but are usually on the street and are frequently used by adult drug dealers to sell marijuana to passersby. Lotta and Shoppe transported P.L.R. to the police department. In the process of booking P.L.R., Officer Shoppe conducted a further search and found a clear plastic baggie in P.L.R.'s sock. Tests were performed on the contents of the envelope and the baggie and both showed a positive reaction for marijuana. A forensic chemist later analyzed both specimens and determined that the plastic bag contained marijuana but that the plant matter in the manila envelope was not marijuana.

The trial court took judicial notice of the fact that there was no search warrant in the file and that the seizure of evidence from the appellant could be sustained only if such seizure was proper under one of the exceptions to the warrant requirement. See Dixon v. State, 343 So.2d 1345 (Fla. 2d DCA 1977). One such exception exists where the search is incident to a valid arrest. The arrest must be justified by facts constituting probable cause. Carr v. State, 353 So.2d 958 (Fla. 2d DCA 1978). The test to determine whether probable cause exists is whether:

the facts and circumstances within the officer's knowledge and of which he had reasonably trustworthy information are sufficient in themselves to warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that an offense has been committed.

Dixon v. State, 343 So.2d at 1348, quoting Benefield v. State, 160 So.2d 706, 708 (Fla.1964).

Since the possession of marijuana is a criminal offense in Florida, the observation of a person in possession of marijuana would ordinarily constitute probable cause to arrest the person and seize the marijuana. The question here is whether the observance of a container known to police officers to frequently contain marijuana, when considered together with certain other circumstances, is sufficient to constitute probable cause to conclude that the envelope does contain marijuana. In Albo v. State, 379 So.2d 648, 650 (Fla.1980), the supreme court approved a police officer's seizure of bales wrapped in black plastic and burlap:

In the instant case, Detective Mastaler observed that thirty-five to forty bales in the motor home were square and wrapped in black plastic and burlap. In his two and one-half years of previous experience in undercover purchases and narcotics investigations, every bale he had ever purchased or seized had been packaged in an identical manner. Given his experience plus the defendant's failure to produce the vehicle's registration and the fact that the rear end of the motor home looked weighted down, the circumstances support Mastaler's determination that the bales were marijuana. We find that the record established sufficient probable cause for a reasonable man to conclude that an offense was being committed.

In contrast with the holding in Albo, P.L.R. cites Thompson v. State, 405 So.2d 501 (Fla. 2d DCA 1981), for the proposition that the police lacked probable cause to arrest him and to search the brown manila envelope in his pocket. The officer in Thompson had information that appellant was carrying a gun in a small shaving case. During a valid investigatory stop, a brown manila envelope fell to the ground; the officer opened the envelope, observed what he believed to be marijuana and placed Thompson under arrest. The Second District observed, "[I]t cannot be said that most brown envelopes contain marijuana." The Second District also found a search and seizure of two hand-rolled cigarettes invalid in Carr v. State, 353 So.2d 958 (Fla. 2d DCA 1978). The court explained that there was insufficient evidence to support the officer's testimony that he "knew" the cigarettes contained marijuana. A similar result was reached in Harris v. State, 352 So.2d 1269 (Fla. 2d DCA 1977), where a police officer seized a plastic bag.

On the other hand, an order of suppression was reversed in State v. Redding, 362 So.2d 170 (Fla. 2d DCA 1978), involving the seizure of several small, flat tinfoil packets found in defendant's shoes. Based on the arresting officer's experience with drug arrests involving such packets and the defendant's bizarre conduct, the court found that the officer had probable cause to believe the packets contained either heroin or cocaine.

The United States Supreme Court has also had difficulty with this problem. In Texas v. Brown, 460 U.S. 730, 103 S.Ct. 1535, 75 L.Ed.2d 502 (1983), the court, in a plurality opinion, ¹ approved the seizure With these considerations in mind it is plain that Officer Maples possessed probable cause to believe that the balloon in Brown's hand contained an illicit...