Pacheco v. State

• Decision Date: 16 May 1966
• Docket Number: No. 4950,4950
• Citation: 414 P.2d 100,82 Nev. 172
• Parties: Hector PACHECO, Appellant, v. The STATE of Nevada, Respondent.
• Court: Nevada Supreme Court

Page 100

414 P.2d 100

82 Nev. 172

Hector PACHECO, Appellant, v. The STATE of Nevada, Respondent.

No. 4950.

Supreme Court of Nevada.

May 16, 1966.

J. Forest Cahlan, Robert Santa Cruz, Las Vegas, for appellant.

Harvey Dickerson, Atty. Gen., Carson City, Edward G. Marshall, Dist. Atty., and Raymond D. Jeffers, Deputy Dist. Atty., Las Vegas, for respondent.

ZENOFF, District Judge.

Appellant, convicted of kidnapping for the purpose of committing rape or an infamous crime against nature (NRS 200.310), and sentenced by a jury to life imprisonment (NRS 200.320), here appeals that conviction by alleging three errors: (1) the jurors, after impanelment, read prejudicial newspaper articles; (2) the prosecutor made a prejudicial remark in closing argument, wherein he called appellant a 'mad dog'; (3) the court admitted over objection prejudicial photographs. We reject all appellant's arguments and find no prejudice. We are convinced appellant received a fair and proper trial.

In the early evening hours of July 10, 1964, defendant, Hector Pacheco, and Patrick McKenna visited Judy, age 17, and Marcia, age 14, ¹ to 'drive around and drink for a little while.' They were not unknown to each other. Their long-standing relationship was connubial without marriage vows.

On this particular evening they drove around, drank beer continuously, stopped to smoke marijuana cigarettes, and took further time out while McKenna and Judy had sexual intercourse.

Later, Pacheco became angered at Judy and when they arrived at the remote area of Sunrise Mountain, east of the Las Vegas city limits, defendant and McKenna commenced to kick Judy and to beat upon her with their fists. After an hour of this, in which she became bloody and bruised, they compelled her into the trunk of the car, and drove to the home of Arnold Crapsie threatening to cut her throat or shoot her if she cried out. They enticed Crapsie into the car, and, with Judy in the trunk, drove back to Sunrise Mountain. From that point, a detailed account is unnecessary. By the use of threats of shooting and knifing; by beatings with fists, rocks, a beer bottle, a board with a protruding nail; and kickings, upon both Crapsie and Judy, McKenna and defendant compelled Crapsie to have intercourse with Judy, then each to perform oral copulation upon the other. Crapsie managed later to escape. Pacheco and McKenna then performed anal copulation upon Judy and fled in the car. They were later apprehended, and Judy was rescued by sheriff's deputies directed to the scene by Crapsie.

Pacheco and McKenna were charged with three counts: kidnap for the purpose of committing rape or an infamous crime against nature; rape of a female under the legal age of consent (18); and assault with intent to commit rape or an infamous crime against nature.

McKenna pleaded guilty to counts one and two and was sentenced to the state penitentiary. Pacheco was convicted of count one and sentenced to life imprisonment.

On this appeal, Pacheco contends (1) that some jurors after their impanelment, read newspaper accounts of the trial, which articles stated that Pacheco had previously been convicted of robbery and committing an infamous crime against nature, and that codefendant Patrick McKenna had pleaded guilty to kidnap and committing an infamous crime against nature; (2) that the admission into evidence of certain photographs was prejudicial to Pacheco; and (3) that prejudice was suffered when, in closing argument, the prosecutor stated: 'We talk about rehabilitation, how can you rehabilitate a mad dog?'

The jury was impaneled on February 15, 1965. It then was released for the day and the jurors were allowed to return home with the following admonition that is required by NRS 175.325:

'You are admonished that it is your duty not to converse among yourselves or with anyone else on any subject connected with the trial, or to form or express any opinion thereon until the case is finally submitted to you.'

This was the same admonition given by the court on the occasion of each recess or adjournment during the trial.

In the evening edition of that same day, the Las Vegas Review Journal printed a story of the commencement of the trial and in it made reference to the fact that McKenna had pleaded guilty to kidnap and committing an infamous crime against nature and had been sentenced to the state penitentiary. The article also stated Pacheco had previously been convicted for robbery.

The following morning, at the opening of court defendant's counsel questioned each joror, in the presence of all, and developed that six of the jurors had read the Review Journal article. In reply to defense counsel's questioning, however, all six stated they could still give Pacheco a fair trial. A motion for mistrial was denied.

The same newspaper contained a story on February 16 entitled, 'Vegas Kidnap Trial Starts,' in which reference again was made to Pacheco's prior robbery conviction, and on February 17 a third story entitled, 'Companion Slips Companion Whiskey During Court Trial.' Only one juror read the kidnap article. He was also the only juror to say he had also read the whiskey article. Another juror told of reading the headline of the whiskey story and a third juror said he didn't read it but was told about it.

All three, again pursuant to defense counsel questioning in open court, stated they were not biased by these articles and still could give defendant a fair trial. A second motion for mistrial was denied.

1. At the outset, we note that the newspaper articles appeared factual and objective and not expressly intended to arouse community emotions. Cf. Sheppard v. Maxwell, 231 F.Supp. 37, 44--57 (D.C.Ohio 1964), rev'd., 346 F.2d 707 (6th Cir.1964), cert. granted, 382 U.S. 916, 86 S.Ct. 289, 15 L.Ed.2d 231 (1965). Our present inquiry, then, centers upon the facts imparted to the jurors by these articles, specifically that of the guilty plea of codefendant McKenna and Pacheco's prior conviction for robbery.

As to a codefendant's plea of guilt, there is substantial authority that such may be admitted in open court if proper cautionary instructions ² are given. United States v. Dardi, 330 F.2d 316, 333 (2d Cir.1964); United States v. Crosby, 294 F.2d 928, 948, 950 (2d Cir.1961). ³ This seems 'implicit recognition * * * that the probable effect on the jury of such knowledge is not sufficiently harmful to require a new trial * * *.' U.S. v. Crosby, supra, at 950 of 924 F.2d.

As to the jurors learning of defendant Pacheco's prior conviction for robbery, the situation is more complex. Such a prior crime would have been inadmissible as evidence here, not coming under the specific exceptions to the general rule. Cf. Nester v. State, 75 Nev. 41, 54, 334 P.2d 524 (1959). However, such evidence was not here admitted. The present facts only resemble an accidental blurting out. At no point did the trial court sanction the newspaper information with admission. Rather, the court ordered the jurors questioned to ascertain whether they could, in good faith, disregard the matter. It is within this context, then, that we must consider the newspaper information conveyed to the jurors.

In Marshall v. United States, 360 U.S. 310, 312, 79 S.Ct. 1171, 1173, 3 L.Ed.2d 1250 (1959), the Supreme Court held the news accounts so prejudicial in the setting of the case as to warrant the exercise of its supervisory power to order a new trial. The court said, 'The trial judge has a large discretion in ruling on the issue of prejudice resulting from the reading by jurors of news articles concerning the trial. Holt v. U.S., 218 U.S. 245, 251, (31 S.Ct. 2, 6, 54 L.Ed. 1021). Generalizations beyond that statement are not profitable, because each case must turn on its special facts * * *.' (Emphasis added.)

In Marshall, the issue of entrapment concerned newspaper accounts of the defendant's past history and was determinative, while in this case the final determination of defendant's guilt or innocence was conclusively established by the evidence without the need for reference, directly or indirectly, to McKenna's guilty plea or the past history of Pacheo. See United States v. Feldman, 299 F.2d 914, 917 (2d Cir. 1962).

The prejudicial effect of the newspaper publicity cannot be said to be manifest for the jurors were not exposed repeatedly and in depth to the news account. Cf. Sheppard v. Maxwell, supra; and Estes v. State of Texas, 381 U.S. 532, 85 S.Ct. 1628, 14 L.Ed.2d 543 (1965).

The main inquiry is whether there has been an effect on the substantial rights of the accused. The prejudice must be so great that traditional voir dire procedures and admonition were unavailing to ensure a fair trial. An examination of the facts must be made in order to determine whether prejudice resulted. Irvin v. Dowd, 366 U.S. 717, 81 S.Ct. 1639, 6 L.Ed.2d 751 (1961). In some instances prejudice is inherent. Rideau v. State of Louisiana, 373 U.S. 723, 83 S.Ct. 1417, 10 L.Ed.2d 663 (1963); Turner v. State of Louisiana, 379 U.S. 466, 85 S.Ct. 546, 13 L.Ed.2d 424 (1965). The defendant must be tried in a manner which comports with the due process requirements of the 14th Amendment; thus, we must be alert to the inquiry as to whether this was a trial by newspaper or a trial in accordance with the rules of law.

It is advisable that the trial court augment the statutory admonition to the jurors with a further caution that they not read or listen to news accounts. Failure to do so has resulted in reversal of cases that were closer on the issue of guilt than is this case. Marshall v. United States, supra. In Pacheco's trial, however, we have confidence that the jurors gave heed to the instruction of the court not to form an opinion until the case was finally submitted to them. Adjmi v. United States, 346 F.2d 654 (5th Cir. 1965).

This assignment of error is denied.

2. In his closing argument, the prosecutor made this statement to the jurors:

'Now I will...