Patterson v. State, 30A01-9003-CR-99

• Decision Date: 11 December 1990
• Docket Number: No. 30A01-9003-CR-99,30A01-9003-CR-99
• Citation: 563 N.E.2d 653
• Parties: Fred E. PATTERSON, Appellant (Defendant Below) v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee (Plaintiff Below).
• Court: Indiana Appellate Court

Page 653

563 N.E.2d 653

Fred E. PATTERSON, Appellant (Defendant Below) v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee (Plaintiff Below).

No. 30A01-9003-CR-99.

Court of Appeals of Indiana,

First District.

Dec. 11, 1990.

George J. Lewis, Blair W. Amick, Lineback & Lewis, Greenfield, for appellant.

Linley E. Pearson, Atty. Gen., Richard L. Webster, Deputy Atty. Gen., Indianapolis, for appellee.

RATLIFF, Chief Judge.

STATEMENT OF THE CASE

Fred E. Patterson (Patterson) appeals his conviction of two counts of Child Molesting ¹. We affirm.

FACTS

On May 24, 1989, after reporting to her mother that Patterson had molested her, the victim and her mother visited the police station to make a report. On the same day, the victim, while in the company of her mother and Detective Shull, phoned Patterson at his place of business and urged him to confess to her that he had molested her. Patterson, under the impression the call was private, did admit molesting her. However, a tape recording was made during the call and a transcript of the recording was prepared. Patterson was charged on May 26, 1989, with two counts of child molesting as a class C felony. The second count was later changed to a class D felony charge.

Patterson, who was not in custody, visited the police station with his wife on June 5, 1989. Patterson's wife urged the police to drop charges against him since he was seeking counseling. Patterson's wife also urged him to tell Detective Shull what he had told her. Patterson then admitted tickling the victim. Detective Shull replied that Patterson was lying and Patterson then admitted he had molested the victim. Detective Shull did not give Miranda ² warnings to Patterson during the conversation.

Patterson was tried on October 17-18, 1989. The State presented evidence that Patterson had engaged in uncharged, sexually-related acts with the victim on numerous occasions. Considering the evidence to show depraved sexual instinct, Patterson attempted to present testimony from the mothers of other young females with whom he had resided in order to show that he had not engaged in sexually-related acts with them. The trial court sustained the State's objection to the evidence.

After the victim and her mother testified as to what the victim told Detective Shull, the trial court permitted Detective Shull to testify as to what the victim had related to him during their initial interview. Before giving final instructions to the jury the trial court refused Patterson's tendered final instruction no. 1 to the effect that the charge on Count II for class D child molesting contained a lesser included offense of Battery ³, as a class B misdemeanor.

The jury convicted Patterson of two counts of child molesting, Count I as a class C felony and Count II as a class D felony. The trial court entered judgment on the verdict and sentenced Patterson. Patterson now appeals.

ISSUES

Patterson raises five issues for review which we restate as:

1. Whether the trial court erred by admitting a tape recording of Patterson's confession to the victim.

2. Whether the trial court erred by admitting testimony by Detective Shull of the 3. Whether the trial court erred in excluding testimony by Patterson's witnesses to the effect that he had not exhibited depraved sexual instinct since he had not molested other young girls with whom he had resided.

confession which Patterson made to Detective Shull.

4. Whether the trial court erred in permitting Detective Shull to reiterate testimony already given by the victim and her mother regarding the victim's initial statement to the Detective.

5. Whether the trial court erred by refusing Patterson's tendered final instruction no. 1 regarding battery being a lesser included offense of the charge of child molesting as a class D felony.

DISCUSSION AND DECISION

Issue One

Patterson contends the trial court erred by admitting the tape recording of the telephone call in which he confessed to the victim. Patterson alleges his confession was involuntary and coerced because the victim intimidated him by "ordering him 24 times to confess", Appellant's Brief at 17, and by threatening to tell others of the allegations if he refused to confess. Patterson also alleges the victim was an agent of the police because she was acting at the direction of Detective Shull when she spoke with Patterson.

Acknowledging the State's argument that he waived any trial court error by failing to object during trial to the admission of the tape recording, Patterson contends the error was so fundamental that we, nevertheless, should address it. "Fundamental error is error that if not corrected would deny a defendant fundamental due process." Morgan v. State (1989), Ind., 544 N.E.2d 143, 149. Our supreme court held in Schweitzer v. State (1989), Ind., 531 N.E.2d 1386, 1388 and Ford v. State (1987), Ind., 504 N.E.2d 1012, 1013 that a defendant's failure to object at trial waives appellate review of the voluntariness of a confession. Thus, by implication, our supreme court has held that the erroneous admission of an involuntary confession is not fundamental error. However, the United States Supreme Court held in Mincey v. Arizona (1978), 437 U.S. 385, 398, 98 S.Ct. 2408, 2417, 57 L.Ed.2d 290, 303 (quoting in part Jackson v. Denno (1964), 378 U.S. 368, 376, 84 S.Ct. 1774, 1780, 12 L.Ed.2d 908, 915) that "any criminal trial use against a defendant of his involuntary statement is a denial of due process of law, 'even though there is ample evidence aside from the confession to support the conviction.' " (emphasis in original.)

Nevertheless, we do not find Patterson's statement to have been involuntary. When we review the voluntariness of a confession we take into consideration the entire record and look at the totality of the circumstances. Light v. State (1989), Ind., 547 N.E.2d 1073, 1076, trans. denied. Among other circumstances, we consider "inconsistencies in the defendant's statement, explicit or implicit promises by police interrogators, and the coercive nature of the interrogation atmosphere." Id. at 1077 (citations omitted).

Patterson alleges the victim was an agent of the police and that his confession, therefore, was made because of coercive police activity. "Coercive police activity is a necessary prerequisite to finding a confession is not 'voluntary' within the meaning of the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment." Id. (citing Colorado v. Connelly (1986), 479 U.S. 157, 167, 107 S.Ct. 515, 522, 93 L.Ed.2d 473, 484.) "[T]he danger of coercion results from the interaction of custody and official interrogation." Illinois v. Perkins (1990), --- U.S. ----, 110 S.Ct. 2394, 2397, 110 L.Ed.2d 243, 251. "[W]here a suspect does not know that he is conversing with a government agent, these pressures do not exist." Id. Conversations between a suspect and an undercover agent of the police lack the compulsion and police-dominated atmosphere which would require Miranda warnings, for example. Thus, a confession given freely and voluntarily without such compelling influences is admissible in evidence. Id. See also Adams v. State (1979), 270 Ind. 406, 386 N.E.2d 657 (no compulsion existed where appellant, while unaware of policemen's presence, made statements to victim.)

Even assuming without deciding that the victim was a police agent, Patterson was not under the inherent compulsion of a custodial interrogation by police when he confessed. Patterson was unaware Detective Shull was listening to the conversation or recording it. Additionally, although the victim persisted in questioning Patterson, Patterson was free to terminate the telephone conversation or to refuse to discuss or confess to having sexually abused the victim. Because Patterson was not coerced by police during a custodial interrogation and freely and voluntarily confessed to the victim, his confession was not involuntary. The trial court did not err in admitting the recording of Patterson's confession.

Issue Two

Patterson claims the trial court erred in admitting testimony by Detective Shull regarding the confession he made to the detective on June 5, 1989. Patterson contends that, although he was not in custody and voluntarily visited Detective Shull at the police station, the detective should have given him Miranda warnings before accepting the confession.

"It is settled that the procedural safeguards of Miranda only apply to what the United States Supreme Court has termed 'custodial interrogation.' Custodial interrogation refers to questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way. The concept of custodial interrogation does not operate to extend the Miranda safeguards to spontaneous voluntary statements, i.e. statements which are [ ] not made in response to questions posed by law enforcement officers while the defendant is in custody, ..."

Johnson v. State (1978), 269 Ind. 370, 375-76, 380 N.E.2d 1236, 1240 (citations omitted); see also Schiro v. State (1983), Ind., 451 N.E.2d 1047, 1059-60, cert. denied 464 U.S. 1003, 104 S.Ct. 510, 78 L.Ed.2d 699.

The record reflects that although he had been charged and arrested on May 26, 1989, Patterson was not in custody when he voluntarily visited the police station on June 5, 1989. Therefore, despite any questions or comments by Detective Shull, Patterson's confession was not the result of a custodial interrogation and no Miranda warnings need have been given.

Issue Three

Patterson asserts trial court error in excluding testimony by his first wife and a woman with whom Patterson had resided, both of whom had daughters of approximately the same age as the victim. Patterson offered to prove that both women would testify he...