People ex rel. Stockwill v. Keller

• Decision Date: 28 October 1993
• Docket Number: No. 4-92-0200,4-92-0200
• Citation: 623 N.E.2d 816,251 Ill.App.3d 796,191 Ill.Dec. 226
• Parties: , 191 Ill.Dec. 226 The PEOPLE of the State of Illinois ex rel. Carole STOCKWILL, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Thomas G. KELLER, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: United States Appellate Court of Illinois

Page 816

623 N.E.2d 816

251 Ill.App.3d 796, 191 Ill.Dec. 226

The PEOPLE of the State of Illinois ex rel. Carole

STOCKWILL, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Thomas G. KELLER, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 4-92-0200.

Appellate Court of Illinois,

Fourth District.

Oct. 28, 1993.

Kristen H. Fischer, Urbana, for defendant-appellant.

Thomas J. Difanis, State's Atty., Thomas P. Sweeney, Asst. State's Atty., Urbana, for plaintiff-appellee.

Justice COOK delivered the opinion of the court:

The State of Illinois, on behalf of Carole Stockwill, filed a paternity complaint against Thomas Keller on March 31, 1989. The circuit court of Champaign County granted the State's motion for summary judgment, and Keller appealed. We affirm.

When Keller denied paternity of Bailey M. Stockwill, born on November 7, 1988, blood tests were ordered. The blood test results indicated the probability of Keller's paternity was 99.84% with a combined paternity index of 625 to 1. On August 25, 1990, Keller answered interrogatories in which he admitted having a sexual relationship and living with Stockwill but maintained he could not remember the relevant dates. In the answers to interrogatories Keller did not specifically deny having sexual intercourse with Stockwill during the probable period of conception. He did deny paternity of Bailey, stating that he was sterile or impotent. On October 19, the State filed a motion for finding facts and summary judgment in response to Keller's failure to respond to the State's requests to admit facts. In his subsequently filed answers to the requests, Keller specifically denied having intercourse with Stockwill during the entire three-month probable period of conception.

Keller then filed a third-party complaint, naming Carole's ex-husband, David Stockwill, as presumed father. The Stockwills were married during most of the probable period of conception. When David Stockwill underwent blood tests, the results excluded him as Bailey's biological father. The State later moved to amend its motion for summary judgment, requesting that David Stockwill's blood test results be considered.

On February 6, 1992, the trial court heard the motion for summary judgment and entered a judgment of parentage against Thomas Keller. An order for support was also entered, requiring child support of $34 per week, made retroactive to January 15, 1990, the date Keller was served with summons. The court determined an arrearage of $3,638 existed and ordered payments of $5 per week thereon. A notice of appeal was filed February 20, 1992. Appellant's brief, due May 28, 1992, was not filed until May 11, 1993.

Summary judgment may be granted on the issue of paternity in Illinois where a review of the "pleadings, depositions, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." (Ill.Rev.Stat.1991, ch. 110, par. 2-1005(c); see also Breese v. Dewey (1991), 223 Ill.App.3d 356, 357, 165 Ill.Dec. 490, 491, 584 N.E.2d 924, 925.) Facts contained in an affidavit in support of a motion for summary judgment which are not contradicted by counteraffidavits are admitted and must be taken as true for purposes of the motion. (Purtill v. Hess (1986), 111 Ill.2d 229, 241, 95 Ill.Dec. 305, 309-10, 489 N.E.2d 867, 871-72.) It is no longer true that a slight amount of evidence will always be sufficient to raise a genuine issue of material fact, and thereby defeat the issuance of summary judgment. (Benner v. Bell (1992), 236 Ill.App.3d 761, 768, 177 Ill.Dec. 1, 6, 602 N.E.2d 896, 901.) Where the evidence before the court at the hearing for summary judgment would constitute all the evidence before the court at trial, and on that evidence the court would be required to direct a verdict, then summary judgment should be entered even though the evidence would otherwise raise a genuine issue of material fact. (Fooden v. Board of Governors of State Colleges & Universities (1971), 48 Ill.2d 580, 587, 272 N.E.2d 497, 500.) This court must resolve whether Stockwill's evidence "so overwhelmingly outweigh[s] the respondent's evidence in rebuttal of the proposition that he fathered the child that paternity was not a genuine issue." In re Paternity of Smith (1989), 179 Ill.App.3d 473, 476, 128 Ill.Dec. 487, 489, 534 N.E.2d 669, 671.

It has been held that a court may not enter summary judgment against a putative father based exclusively on blood test results. (Daubach v. Ishihara (1981), 103 Ill.App.3d 750, 755, 59 Ill.Dec. 426, 429, 431 N.E.2d 1183, 1186.) The reason for this rule was that blood tests are tests of exclusion and "can only establish whether a putative father is not the father of a child." (Emphasis added.) (Smith, 179 Ill.App.3d at 478, 128 Ill.Dec. at 490, 534 N.E.2d at 672.) Modern blood tests are more sophisticated than those formerly used, and can identify many more blood characteristics than just types A, B, and O. (People v. Stanley (1993), 246 Ill.App.3d 393, 399, 186 Ill.Dec. 295, 300, 615 N.E.2d 1352, 1357.) With these many blood characteristics it is possible not only to positively exclude the tested individual as being the donor, but to establish that the chances of anyone else being the donor are extremely remote. (Stanley, 246 Ill.App.3d at 400, 186 Ill.Dec. at 301, 615 N.E.2d at 1358.) The blood tests in this case were of that type, with at least 16 blood systems identified. At any rate, in this case the blood test results were not the only evidence considered in the trial court's decision to grant summary judgment. The court also weighed Stockwill's sworn affidavit that Keller was the only man with whom she had had intercourse during the probable period of conception and the blood test results excluding David Stockwill as Bailey's biological father.

If the plaintiff in a paternity action is married during the probable period of conception, her husband is presumed to be the child's natural father. (Ill.Rev.Stat.1991, ch. 40, par. 2505(a)(1).) That presumption is a very strong one, which may be rebutted only by clear and convincing evidence. (Ill.Rev.Stat.1991, ch. 40, pars. 2505(a)(1), (b); Smith, 179 Ill.App.3d at 477, 128 Ill.Dec. at 490, 534 N.E.2d at 672.) Once the presumed father has been ruled out as actual father by the blood test results, "the question of paternity shall be resolved accordingly." (Ill.Rev.Stat.1991, ch. 40, par. 2511(f)(1).) Once Stockwill was eliminated as Bailey's father, only Keller remained a possibility.

According to the Illinois Parentage Act of 1984 (Act) (Ill.Rev.Stat.1991, ch. 40, par. 2501 et seq.), as amended, when blood tests indicate the alleged father is not excluded and the combined paternity index is at least 500 to 1, a presumption arises that the alleged father is the biological father. (Ill.Rev.Stat.1991, ch. 40, par. 2511(f)(4).) This presumption is justified by the capabilities of modern blood tests, as discussed in Stanley. (Stanley, 246 Ill.App.3d at 399, 186 Ill.Dec. at 301, 615 N.E.2d at 1358.) Keller's combined paternity index was 625 to 1. The statutory presumption is rebuttable by clear and convincing evidence (Ill.Rev.Stat.1991, ch. 40,...