People v. Alameno

• Decision Date: 06 October 2008
• Docket Number: No. 08SA113.,08SA113.
• Citation: 193 P.3d 830
• Parties: The PEOPLE of the State of Colorado, Plaintiff-Appellant v. Frank Paul ALAMENO, Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: Colorado Supreme Court

193 P.3d 830

The PEOPLE of the State of Colorado, Plaintiff-Appellant v. Frank Paul ALAMENO, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 08SA113.

Supreme Court of Colorado, En Banc.

October 6, 2008.

Martin C. Beeson, District Attorney, Glenwood Springs, Colorado, Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellant.

Brown and Wills LLP, H. Lawson Wills, Glenwood Springs, Colorado, Attorneys for Defendant-Appellee.

Justice RICE delivered the Opinion of the Court.

The People appeal the suppression of certain evidence discovered during a search of defendant Frank Paul Alameno's residence pursuant to two search warrants. Alameno has been charged with a total of thirty-nine counts of ten different charges, including twenty-seven counts related to the sexual exploitation of a child, six counts related to controlled substances, one count of cruelty to animals, and one count of promotion of obscenity.¹ We reverse the trial court's suppression of the seized evidence. We hold that while the evidence at issue was not discovered pursuant to a valid warrant, the evidence is nonetheless admissible under the plain view exception to the warrant requirement.

I. Facts and Procedural History

On September 12, 2006, several women with connections to Alameno went to the Rifle Police Department to speak to an officer about Alameno. Present at the police department were LaMonica Lucchesi, the wife of Alameno's stepson; Stacy Church, whom the trial court identified as "Defendant's `daughter,' although not by blood"; and Teresa Hill, Church's best friend. The women, along with other family and friends, hoped to conduct an intervention for Alameno because they were concerned about his drug use and addiction to pornography. According to Lucchesi's witness statement, the group decided that Alameno had too many guns and would be dangerous to confront, so they sought to use a police escort during the intervention. In addition, the group was concerned that, if confronted, Alameno would destroy his computer and the evidence contained within it. However, the Rifle Police Department told the women that they could not assist in a family intervention or provide a police escort.

At some point, Lucchesi also told an officer at the Rifle Police Department that she was concerned that Alameno might be involved in child pornography. Because the alleged crime occurred outside of the jurisdiction of Rifle Police, an officer contacted Deputy Evan Mead of the Garfield County Sheriff's Office and gave him Lucchesi's phone number. Deputy Mead called Lucchesi and she reiterated her concern about child pornography.

That same day, Lucchesi, Church, and Hill went to Alameno's house and let themselves in. They testified that Lucchesi and Church had implicit permission from Alameno's wife to be in the home whenever they wanted. Church went through Alameno's desk and found a pair of panties. She took a photograph of them, which she later gave to Deputy Mead. Hill accessed Alameno's computer and found child pornography. She downloaded several photographs of child pornography onto three floppy disks to give to Deputy Mead.

According to Deputy Mead's report,² Lucchesi said that when she was at the residence, she "inadvertently discovered 2 pairs of her daughters [sic] panties located in the drawer of a desk" belonging to Alameno. She said that the drawer contained a third pair of underwear, but she did not know to whom they belonged. Lucchesi also told Deputy Mead that Alameno often took the keyboard to his computer with him when he left the house. In addition, she said that she intended to go back to the residence to see if she could find anything else suspicious. Finally, Officer Mead's report states that Lucchesi told him that she believed Alameno regularly used methamphetamine and that he stored it in his residence.

The sheriff's office examined the photographs on the floppy disks and discovered pictures of girls as young as age three in various states of undress, including one of a three- or four-year-old girl engaging in a sex act with an adult male. Based on this evidence, the officers obtained a search warrant on September 13, 2006, which was executed that day.

Detective Don Breier signed the affidavit for the September 13 search warrant, which included most of the information detailed above. Specifically, the affidavit mentioned the three pairs of underwear found by Lucchesi, the allegation that Alameno regularly took his computer keyboard with him when he left the residence, and the indication by Lucchesi that Alameno was using methamphetamine regularly. Additionally, it detailed the types of images found on the disks provided by Lucchesi and mentioned voluntary written witness statements from Lucchesi, Church, and Hill.

Furthermore, the affidavit stated that on September 13, 2006 (the day the warrant was issued), Lucchesi informed Detective Breier that Alameno's wife had confronted Alameno about images on the computer, and Alameno had since removed the computer and secreted it away somewhere within five minutes' walking distance from the house. In addition, it stated that Lucchesi's husband informed Detective Breier that there was a crawl space near an unfinished closet in the master bedroom where he had previously observed pornography stored in boxes.

Before presenting the affidavit to a judge, Detective Breier had the affidavit reviewed by the District Attorney. On September 13, 2006, the judge signed the warrant authorizing the search of Alameno's residence.

The warrant echoed much of the language used in the affidavit, and it authorized a search for the desktop computer with the specific serial number believed to belong to Alameno, and "any computer storage media including but not limited to hard drives, CD's, DVD's, floppy disks, memory sticks or memory based storage devices, and tapes that may possibly contain or have stored child pornography." It went on to authorize a search for "any actual pornography to be searched specifically for child pornography, and any photos or images which may portray illicit or child pornography." Additionally, the warrant authorized a search for narcotics or narcotics equipment, as well as "any plain view evidence of any other criminal activity." However, the People now concede that there was not probable cause to search for narcotics-related evidence. The warrant directed that the search take place at Alameno's address "within a residential structure or its outbuilding, garages or curtilage."

The search turned up a significant amount of evidence, much of which Alameno had suppressed after an evidentiary hearing. At issue here, police found some drug-related items in the master bathroom, including a pocket balance scale, a blue glass case with 2.1 grams of methamphetamine, a snort tube with residue, empty plastic baggies, a plastic bag with a crystalline substance, and a plastic fuse container with a razor blade. In addition, both the garage and crawl space contained pornography and videos, which the People contend support the charges for promotion of obscenity and cruelty to animals. The garage and crawl space pornography did not include child pornography, but nothing in the record describes this pornography with any further specificity.

In addition, police obtained a second warrant on September 20, 2006, to search the contents of Alameno's computer. The evidence obtained pursuant to that warrant is not at issue here.

Police filed the charges against Alameno based on the evidence found in and around his residence. Alameno moved to suppress the evidence seized, and the trial court conducted a hearing on that motion. In its written order, the trial court suppressed all evidence of drugs and drug paraphernalia found in the master bathroom, and all pornography found in the crawl space and garage.³ It ruled that the warrants did not validly authorize a search for this evidence and that no exception to the warrant requirement applied.

II. Standard of Review

The issue before an appellate court in a suppression case is one of mixed law and fact. People v. Arias, 159 P.3d 134, 137 (Colo.2007). Hence, we defer to the trial court's factual findings so long as there is sufficient evidence in the record to support those findings, but we review the trial court's legal conclusions de novo. People v. Arroya, 988 P.2d 1124, 1129 (Colo.1999).

III. Analysis

A. Narcotics-Related Evidence from Bathroom

In suppressing the narcotics-related evidence found in the bathroom, the trial court first determined that the provision of the warrant permitting a search for narcotics-related evidence was invalid. Then, the court held that there was no exception to the warrant requirement that would allow the evidence to come in. Upon review, we agree with the trial court that the warrant was invalid to the extent that it permitted a search for narcotics-related evidence. However, we reverse the trial court's determination that no exception to the warrant requirement applies. Rather, we hold that the evidence is admissible under the plain view exception.

For a search warrant to be valid under the Constitution, it must contain a showing of probable cause supported by oath or affirmations particularly describing the place to be searched and the things to be seized. See U.S. Const. amend. IV. In this case, the trial court found that the affidavit supporting the warrant did not provide probable cause to believe that narcotics-related evidence would be found in or around Alameno's residence. The People do not contest this finding.

We agree that the warrant lacked probable cause to search for narcotics-related evidence. The affidavit supporting the warrant suggested that Lucchesi believed that Alameno "uses/consumes methamphetamine on a regular basis," and that she and others believed that he was "using methamphetamine and stor[ing] methamphetamine within his residence." It did not indicate the basis for these beliefs. Suspicion of drug use alone does not give rise to...