People v. Arrington

• Decision Date: 04 June 1992
• Docket Number: No. 90CA1875,90CA1875
• Citation: 843 P.2d 62
• Parties: The PEOPLE of the State of Colorado, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Abron ARRINGTON, Defendant-Appellant. . II
• Court: Colorado Court of Appeals

Page 62

843 P.2d 62

The PEOPLE of the State of Colorado, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Abron ARRINGTON, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 90CA1875.

Colorado Court of Appeals Div. II.

June 4, 1992.

Rehearing Denied July 30, 1992.

Certiorari Denied Jan. 11, 1993.

Gale A. Norton, Atty. Gen., Raymond T. Slaughter, Chief Deputy Atty. Gen., Timothy M. Tymkovich, Sol. Gen., Linda C. Michow, Asst. Atty. Gen., Denver, for plaintiff-appellee.

David F. Vela, Colorado State Public Defender, Thomas M. Van Cleave, III, Deputy State Public Defender, Denver, for defendant-appellant.

Opinion by Judge TURSI.

Defendant, Abron Arrington, appeals the judgment entered upon jury verdicts finding him guilty of first degree felony murder, aggravated robbery, second degree burglary, and three counts of crime of violence. We reverse and remand the cause for a new trial.

The offenses with which defendant was charged and tried arose out of an incident which was precipitated by a racial slur made during an argument between a woman, her sister, and her ex-roommates. The roommates became angry and related the slur to their friends.

In retaliation, four men, including defendant, drove to the woman's home. Once there, three of the men forcibly entered through a partially opened door. Defendant was identified as one of the intruders, but he was not armed.

The woman was entertaining her sister and her sister's boyfriend at the time. During the commotion, the boyfriend sustained mortal gunshot wounds. One of the men stole money and another stole a VCR before fleeing.

At trial, defendant denied that he had participated in the crimes and relied upon misidentification as his defense.

I.

Defendant, who is black, contends that the prosecution committed reversible error when it used a peremptory challenge to strike the only remaining black person from the venire panel. He argues that this challenge was racially motivated and, thus, violates his state and federal constitutional rights to equal protection of the law. We agree.

Two black men were seated on the venire panel. During voir dire, one was excused for cause.

During his examination, the remaining black venireman stated that he was a plaintiff in an employment discrimination suit in which he alleged a denial of promotion based on race. He was questioned specifically whether his involvement in the lawsuit would affect his ability to be fair and impartial in a criminal lawsuit, whether his race "would be a problem" as a juror, and about his understanding of a black man's feelings when charged with a crime in this country.

He responded that he could act fairly as a juror, that his race and involvement in the lawsuit would not affect his impartiality, and that everyone, regardless of race, is "given a fair shake" in the criminal justice system. His other remarks demonstrate his intention to carry out fairly his duties as a juror.

Subsequently, the prosecution used a peremptory challenge "to excuse Mr. Johnson next, the black man" on the basis of his participation in the race discrimination suit. The prosecutor then stated:

There are going to be some statements made in this case about black people as 'niggers' which he might take offense at and additionally, [defendant's] father at one time, at least, accused police officers for having racial motivations for arresting Mr. Arrington.

After the prosecutor proffered her reasons for the challenge, defendant objected to the use of the peremptory challenge as an impermissible challenge on the basis of race. The trial court denied the objection, holding that the prosecution's use of a peremptory challenge to strike a single juror of defendant's race was insufficient to establish a prima facie pattern of discrimination.

In Fields v. People, 732 P.2d 1145 (Colo.1987), our supreme court adopted the principle espoused in Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986), that a defendant may establish a prima facie case of purposeful discrimination in selection of the jury solely on evidence concerning the prosecutor's exercise of peremptory challenges at the defendant's trial. The Fields situation concerned a prosecutor's use of purposeful, systematic, and discriminatory peremptory challenges to exclude from the jury panel members of a racially cognizable group different than defendant's own group.

Here, defendant and the stricken juror are members of the same racial group; therefore, we employ the Batson standard to determine whether defendant established a prima facie pattern of discrimination.

Under Batson, a defendant may establish a prima facie case of purposeful discrimination solely by showing that defendant is a member of a cognizable racial group and that the prosecutor has exercised peremptory challenges to remove members of the defendant's race from the venire.

If the trial court determines that the defendant has made a prima facie case of purposeful discrimination, then the prosecution bears the burden of rebutting the inference by articulating a race neutral reason for the challenge which is related to the particular case to be tried. While such a reason "need not rise to the level justifying exercise of a challenge for cause," it must rise above "the assumption--or his intuitive judgment--that [the juror] would be partial to the defendant because of their shared race." Batson v. Kentucky, supra.

Courts in other jurisdictions have relied upon Batson to hold that the use of a peremptory challenge to strike the only prospective juror of defendant's race may be sufficient to establish a prima facie case of impermissible discrimination. See, e.g., U.S. v. Chalan, 812 F.2d 1302 (10th Cir.1987).

However, we need not decide here whether the prosecutor's preemptory challenge of the one black juror adequately established a prima facie case of purposeful discrimination. Since the prosecutor offered her explanation for the peremptory challenge before the defendant was given the opportunity to make out his prima facie case, the defendant's burden of proving a prima facie case is moot, and we must consider whether the prosecutor espoused a sufficient race-neutral rationale for striking the juror. See Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 111 S.Ct. 1859, 114 L.Ed.2d 395 (1991); U.S. v. Forbes, 816 F.2d 1006 (5th Cir.1987).

In our view, the prosecutor's reasoning for exercising the peremptory challenge is founded upon impermissible race-specific reasons.

Here, the juror did not exhibit any tendency or propensity toward partiality when responding to extensive questioning about his race and race discrimination lawsuit. Further, neither of the reasons offered by the prosecutor are predicated upon objective factors which, for instance, would indicate his bias or unwillingness to follow the law, or which are grounded upon factors of a non-racial nature. See Hernandez v. New York, supra. Rather, both reasons upon which the challenge was predicated were based strictly upon the prosecutor's subjective belief that defendant's race would cause him not to be impartial in a case against a black defendant.

Under these circumstances, we conclude that defendant satisfied his burden of proving the prosecution's impermissible use of a peremptory challenge to violate defendant's constitutional rights to trial by an impartial jury. Therefore, defendant is entitled to a new trial.

II.

Among several of defendant's contentions of error that may arise on retrial is his objection to a witness stating that she had described defendant as being "all cripped out" to the police on the night of the incident.

Based upon our disposition of this case, we need not address whether this statement was prejudicial error in that it implied defendant's affiliation with a street gang. However, the prejudicial nature of the remark, when measured by its probable affect upon the jury, is significant. See People v. District Court, 785 P.2d 141 (Colo.1990); People v. Ojeda, 745 P.2d 274 (Colo.App.1987). Therefore, we disapprove of the prosecutor's solicitation of this testimony, which appears to have been asked for the sole purpose of injecting an irrelevant and probably prejudicial matter before the jury.

III.

Defendant next contends that the trial court committed reversible error when it refused to admit evidence that defendant was not involved with previous criminal and violent activities which occurred at the house where the crimes at issue occurred. We are not persuaded.

A defendant is entitled to present a complete defense and, therefore, to the admission of reverse similar transactions, if it is relevant to create a doubt as to his guilt. Therefore, evidence from which jurors can infer misidentification should be admitted if all of the similar facts and circumstances, taken together,...