People v. Butler

• Decision Date: 04 February 1992
• Docket Number: Docket No. 117318
• Citation: 483 N.W.2d 430,193 Mich.App. 63
• Parties: PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Michael R. BUTLER, a/k/a Theodore Yelder, Defendant-Appellant. 193 Mich.App. 63, 483 N.W.2d 430
• Court: Court of Appeal of Michigan — District of US

Page 430

483 N.W.2d 430

PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Michael R. BUTLER, a/k/a Theodore Yelder Defendant-Appellant.

Docket No. 117318.

193 Mich.App. 63, 483 N.W.2d 430

Court of Appeals of Michigan.

Submitted Jan. 15, 1992, at Detroit.

Decided Feb. 4, 1992, at 9:05 a.m.

Released for Publication May 19, 1992.

[193 MICHAPP 64] Frank J. Kelley, Atty. Gen., Gay Secor Hardy, Sol. Gen., John D. O'Hair, Pros. Atty., Timothy A. Baughman, Chief of Research, Training, and Appeals, and Janice M. Joyce Bartee, Asst. Pros. Atty., for the People.

State Appellate Defender by Richard B. Ginsberg, and Michael R. Butler, in propria persona, Detroit, for defendant on appeal.

[193 MICHAPP 65] Before HOOD, P.J., and SAWYER and FITZGERALD, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

Following a bench trial, defendant was convicted of second-degree murder, M.C.L. Sec. 750.317; M.S.A. Sec. 28.549, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, M.C.L. Sec. 750.227b; M.S.A. Sec. 28.424(2). He was sentenced to serve a term of twenty to forty years in prison for the murder conviction and to a consecutive two-year term for the felony-firearm conviction. Defendant appeals and we affirm.

This appeal arises out of a May 5, 1988, shooting in Detroit which left Samuel Hicks dead. On May 12, 1988, defendant and several other people were arrested in connection with the murder. Defendant gave police a false name and was released from custody. On May 14, 1988, a felony complaint was filed naming defendant and several others as suspects. On July 8, 1988, the homicide department was notified that defendant was arrested, and in custody at another precinct, for carrying a concealed weapon, M.C.L. Sec. 750.227; M.S.A. Sec. 28.424. Detectives took custody of the defendant and returned with him to the homicide department, where they obtained a confession.

Defendant waived his right to a jury trial and was tried with a codefendant, Darrell Hicks, in a bench trial. Both defendant's confession and Hicks' confession were introduced at the trial. Hicks is not a party to this appeal.

Defendant's first argument is that the trial court violated the rule established by the United States Supreme Court in Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123, 88 S.Ct. 1620, 20 L.Ed.2d 476 (1968), when it allowed the prosecutor to introduce the confession [193 MICHAPP 66] of Darrell Hicks. ¹ We disagree in light of the fact that we refuse to extend the Bruton rule to bench trials.

We have never addressed the issue whether the Bruton rule extends to bench trials. However, panels of this Court have concluded that error that warrants reversal in a jury trial may not necessarily warrant reversal in a bench trial. See People v. Rushlow, 179 Mich.App. 172, 175, 445 N.W.2d 222 (1989); People v. Jones, 168 Mich.App. 191, 194, 423 N.W.2d 614 (1988); People v. Martin, 150 Mich.App. 630, 389 N.W.2d 713 (1986). In addition, several federal courts have refused to extend the Bruton rule to bench trials. ² We agree with those federal courts that have declined to extend Bruton to bench trials because a judge, unlike a jury, is able to consider the confession for the limited purpose of establishing the guilt of the confessor.

Defendant alleges that counsel committed a serious mistake by failing to move for severance before trial. In People v. Tommolino, 187 Mich.App. 14, 17, 466 N.W.2d 315 (1991), we set out the modern test to determine whether a serious mistake of counsel occurred. A defendant must show that counsel's performance was deficient and that, under an objective standard of reasonableness, counsel made an error so serious that he was not [193 MICHAPP 67] functioning as an attorney as guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment. Id. This deficiency is considered in light of a presumption that the action complained of was sound trial strategy. If defendant does not show that prejudice resulted from the action complained of, his claim must fail. Id.

Codefendants do not have an absolute right to separate trials. People v. Greenberg, 176 Mich.App. 296, 303, 439 N.W.2d 336 (1989). In fact, there is a strong presumption in favor of joint trials. Id. In the instant case, defendant has failed to show that prejudice resulted from his attorney's failure to move for severance or that the trial court would have granted his motion.

Defendant next argues that the trial court should have considered the doctrine of imperfect self-defense and convicted defendant of voluntary manslaughter. We disagree.

Imperfect self-defense is a qualified defense that can mitigate second-degree murder to voluntary manslaughter. People v. Amos, 163 Mich.App. 50, 56, 414 N.W.2d 147 (1987). The doctrine applies only where the defendant would have been entitled to self-defense had he not been the initial aggressor. Id. at 57, 414 N.W.2d 147. In the instant case, the trial court found that self-defense was inapplicable, not because defendant was the initial aggressor, but, rather, because defendant made a deliberate decision to kill Hicks without being in a position where it was immediately necessary. In this case, defendant did not present a theory for imperfect self-defense, nor do we believe the evidence would support such a theory.

Defendant alleges that the trial court failed to apply properly the law of self-defense because it determined that his contention that Hicks had a gun was without merit. It appears that the trial court believed defendant's story, but was not of the [193 MICHAPP 68] opinion that it fit within the parameters of self-defense. The trial court also heard the testimony of an eyewitness when making its determination. The trial court properly applied the law of self-defense in this case.

Defendant raises several challenges to the admissibility of his confession. Defendant first argues that the statement taken by police at the homicide department was in violation of his Sixth Amendment right to counsel. This argument is without merit.

Defendant argues that the fact that he retained an attorney with regard to the charge of carrying a concealed weapon indicates that he had invoked his right to counsel, thus precluding any interrogation with regard to the murder charge. Even if we were to conclude that defendant had retained counsel in relation to the charge of carrying a concealed weapon, it would not affect the admissibility of defendant's statements in connection with the murder.

Our Supreme Court has recently held that the fact that a defendant has invoked his Sixth Amendment rights with regard to one charge, does not preclude police from interrogating the defendant with regard to charges to which the Sixth Amendment has not yet attached. People v. Crusoe, 433 Mich. 666, 449 N.W.2d 641 (1989). Defendant was read his Miranda ³ rights before interrogation by the police regarding the murder charge. Defendant has not established that his Sixth Amendment right to counsel had attached with regard to the murder charge. ⁴ Without such a showing, defendant's Sixth Amendment claim must fail.

[193 MICHAPP 69] When defendant was arrested for carrying a concealed weapon, he was accompanied by a man named Edward Hanserd. Hanserd apparently made a statement to defendant before defendant was interrogated indicating that if defendant cooperated, the officer would try to "get him out from under the first-degree murder charge." Defendant claims that the statement made by Hanserd amounted to a promise of leniency because Hanserd was an agent of the police. ⁵ We disagree.

In People v. Conte, 421 Mich. 704, 365 N.W.2d 648 (1984), our Supreme Court held that a confession will be considered the product of a promise of leniency if the defendant is likely to have reasonably understood the statements as a promise of leniency and if the defendant relied upon the promise in making his confession. Id. at 750, 365 N.W.2d 648. Defendant has failed to show that Hanserd was an agent of...