People v. Coleman, Docket No. 161507

• Decision Date: 21 April 1995
• Docket Number: Docket No. 161507
• Citation: 210 Mich.App. 1,532 N.W.2d 885
• Parties: PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. James Lin COLEMAN, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: Court of Appeal of Michigan — District of US

Page 885

532 N.W.2d 885

210 Mich.App. 1

PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. James Lin COLEMAN, Defendant-Appellant.

Docket No. 161507.

Court of Appeals of Michigan.

Submitted March 8, 1995, at Lansing.

Decided April 21, 1995, at 9:10 a.m.

Released for Publication June 19, 1995.

Frank J. Kelley, Atty. Gen., Thomas L. Casey, Sol. Gen., Justus C. Scott, Pros. Atty., and Todd C. Mohr, Asst. Pros. Atty., for People.

Shelley R. Spivack, Flint, for defendant on appeal.

Before DOCTOROFF, C.J., and MARK J. CAVANAGH and SMOLENSKI, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

Defendant appeals as of right his jury trial convictions of armed robbery, M.C.L. § 750.529; M.S.A. § 28.797, two counts of felonious assault, M.C.L. § 750.82; M.S.A. § 28.277, three counts of possession of a firearm in the commission or attempted commission of a felony, M.C.L. § 750.227b; M.S.A. § 28.424(2), and being an habitual offender, fourth offense, M.C.L. § 769.12; M.S.A. § 28.1084. Defendant's sentences for the underlying offenses were vacated, and defendant was sentenced to a term of thirty to forty-five years' imprisonment as an habitual offender. We affirm.

On November 18, 1991, an armed gunman robbed Gem and Diamond Specialists, an Imlay City jewelry store. The gunman entered the store and browsed briefly. He then indicated that he wanted to look at a ring. While Suzanne Johnson, the owner of the store, was removing the ring from the showcase, the man drew a gun and ordered her to lie down in the store safe. After binding Johnson's wrists and ankles, the gunman took approximately $2,000 from the cash register. The robber then entered a back office and similarly bound the employee working there.

While the robber was still in the back, Kim Jorgensen, a business associate of Johnson, entered the store. Jorgensen discovered Johnson in the safe, handed her a pair of scissors, and hurried to the telephone. The gunman emerged from the back and told Jorgensen to hang up the telephone. At this time, Johnson, who had freed herself, pointed a gun at the gunman. The gunman aimed his gun at Johnson, but quickly left the store without firing.

The store was equipped with a video surveillance camera, which recorded some of the actions of the gunman. The videotape, as well as several frames of the film developed into still photographs, were later admitted into evidence at trial.

The police investigation eventually focused on defendant. After Johnson identified defendant in a photographic lineup, defendant was arrested.

Defendant escaped from custody in March 1992 while visiting a dentist's office in Lapeer. While waiting for the dentist, defendant asked to use the restroom. After he had been in the restroom for approximately a minute, defendant opened the door and said he needed help. When Deputy Michael Hollenbeck approached the restroom, defendant pointed a gun at him. Defendant ordered Hollenbeck to step into the restroom. Defendant then disarmed Hollenbeck and, with a gun in each hand, instructed him to remove defendant's restraints and use them to shackle himself to the plumbing fixtures. After Hollenbeck complied, defendant fled. Defendant's girl friend, Carolyn Rau, picked up defendant in Flint later that morning. Defendant was later apprehended in and extradited from Tennessee.

I

Defendant first argues that the trial court erred so as to require reversal in allowing the prosecutor to introduce evidence of defendant's armed escape from custody. In particular, defendant cites Hollenbeck's testimony as prejudicial; Hollenbeck stated that defendant had pointed a semiautomatic weapon at him and said, "Don't do it, I'll shoot you right where you're at." Defendant contends that the admission of this evidence allowed the jury to conclude that defendant had a propensity to commit armed robberies.

A trial court's decision to admit evidence will not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion. The standard for reviewing an abuse of discretion is narrow; the result must have been so violative of fact and logic that it evidences a perversity of will, a defiance of judgment, or an exercise of passion or bias. People v. Woods, 200 Mich.App. 283, 288, 504 N.W.2d 24 (1993).

It is well established in Michigan law that evidence of flight is admissible. See, e.g., People v. Cammarata, 257 Mich. 60, 66, 240 N.W. 14 (1932); People v. Cutchall, 200 Mich.App. 396, 398-401, 504 N.W.2d 666 (1993); People v. Clark, 124 Mich.App. 410, 413, 335 N.W.2d 53 (1983). Such evidence is probative because it may indicate consciousness of guilt, although evidence of flight by itself is insufficient to sustain a conviction. Cutchall, supra at 399, 401, 504 N.W.2d 666; see CJI2d 4.4. The term "flight" has been applied to such actions as fleeing the scene of the crime, leaving the jurisdiction, running from the police, resisting arrest, and attempting to escape custody. 29 AmJur2d, Evidence, § 532, p 608.

Although defendant concedes that evidence of flight is admissible, he argues that he was unfairly prejudiced by the admission of the evidence regarding the details of his escape because it involved criminal acts separate from those at issue in the trial. Defendant contends that because the admission of evidence of other criminal activity is strictly limited by MRE 404(b), the trial court erred in allowing the jury to learn of the criminal acts committed by defendant in the course of his escape.

The Missouri Court of Appeals addressed this issue in State v. Meeks, 659 S.W.2d 306 (Mo.App.1983). In Meeks, in the course of escaping from the hospital, the defendant attacked the deputy guarding him; during the struggle, the defendant beat the deputy, choked him, and knocked out his lower teeth. The court ruled that evidence of the assault on the deputy was admissible even though it constituted evidence of another, unrelated crime, because "it is obvious that the assault was part of the res gestae of the escape." Meeks, supra at 307.

We likewise hold that testimony regarding the criminal actions accompanying an escape or attempted escape is admissible because those actions are part of the res gestae of the incident. The trial court therefore did not err in allowing the prosecution to introduce evidence of not only the fact of defendant's escape, but also the details of how the escape was accomplished. See 22A CJS, Criminal Law, § 747, p 397.

The fact that evidence of other criminal activities would generally be inadmissible under MRE 404(b) does not affect our holding. Evidence that is admissible for one purpose is not inadmissible because its use for a different purpose is precluded. People v. VanderVliet, 444 Mich. 52, 73, 508 N.W.2d 114 (1993).

II

Defendant next argues that the trial court erred in refusing to exclude evidence of defendant's prior conviction of conspiracy to commit armed robbery, M.C.L. § 750.157a; M.S.A. § 28.354(1). Defendant argues that similarity between armed robbery and conspiracy to commit armed robbery unfairly prejudiced him.

MRE 609(a)(2) provides that evidence that a witness has been convicted of a crime is admissible for purposes of impeachment where

the crime contained an element of theft, and

(A) the crime was punishable by imprisonment in excess of one year or death under the law under which the witness...