People v. Corral

• Decision Date: 23 January 1964
• Docket Number: Cr. 92
• Parties: The PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Mack Tarango CORRAL, Defendant and Appellant.
• Court: California Court of Appeals Court of Appeals

Page 591

36 Cal.Rptr. 591

224 Cal.App.2d 300

The PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Mack Tarango CORRAL, Defendant and Appellant.

Cr. 92.

District Court of Appeal, Fifth District, California.

Jan. 23, 1964.

J. M. Lopes, Visalia, for defendant and appellant.

Stanley Mosk, Atty. Gen., Doris H. Maier, Asst. Atty. Gen., Sacramento, for plaintiff and respondent.

RALPH M. BROWN, Justice.

The district attorney of Tulare County filed an information charging appellant with two counts of the crime of burglary, first degree, in violation of section 459 of the Penal Code, to which appellant pled not guilty but did admit three prior felony convictions.

After trial by a jury finding the appellant guilty as charged as to each count, a motion to set aside the verdict as to count 1 was denied, as was a motion for new trial; the court reduced the charge as to count 2 from first degree burglary to second degree burglary, and found the appellant to be a habitual criminal. Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal from the judgment of conviction as to both counts.

Count 1

The Weinberg Burglary

On April 28, 1963, at approximately 11:30 p. m. Mr. and Mrs. Weinberg returned to their home in Tulare, prepared for bed, and Mrs. Weinberg left her purse which she had with her earlier that evening on a chair just inside her bedroom door. After falling asleep Mrs. Weinberg felt something touch her and on awakening, saw the silhouette of a man standing about two feet from her bed towards the door. She called to her husband who had gone to bed in a room adjacent thereto and thereupon the intruder ran from the house. Mrs. Weinberg heard the back door close. Mr. and Mrs. Weinberg then went outdoors to see whether the intruder could be found, and discovering nothing, returned to the house and found that the back screen door which opened inwardly had been broken from its hinges, and they testified that the door had not been in that condition previously. Mrs. Weinberg also found that her purse which had been left closed was now open and that a wallet and coin purse containing about $90 were missing. The police arrived shortly thereafter and their investigation disclosed a barefoot track on the screened porch as well as a fingerprint on the clasp of Mrs. Weinberg's purse. Two experts testified that the print found on the clasp was that of appellant's left thumb. Mr. and Mrs. Weinberg had not given permission to the appellant to enter their home.

Count 2

The Kreider Burglary

On April 17, 1963, Mr. and Mrs. Kreider retired in their home shortly after 11 p. m. Before going to bed Mrs. Kreider had placed her purse containing curlers, stamps, payment books and about $15 on the drainboard beside the kitchen sink which was under a window of the type which opens both at the top and bottom. Through the window over the kitchen sink a person may view the closed-in back porch which contained an automatic washer and dryer and other laundry equipment. A partially screened door opened outside this porch and the washer was located directly under the kitchen window. The following morning Mrs. Kreider discovered that her purse had been ransacked and was empty, part of the contents being found on the windowsill over the sink. The screen in the porch door was found to be torn at the corner. The police were notified and Lt. McGowan of the Tulare Police Department discovered two latent barefoot prints on the top of the washer immediately under the window. Two fingerprint experts positively identified the prints as those of appellant. As in the Weinberg case, the Kreiders were not acquainted with the appellant; nor had they given him permission to enter their home.

It is appellant's contention that there is no sufficient evidence to sustain the conviction as to each court, that the court erred in its ruling on the admissibility of the evidence, and prejudicial misconduct by the district attorney in the course of his argument to the jury.

We believe that the evidence was fully sufficient to support the conviction.

The elements of burglary are the entry of a building with the intent to commit grand or petty larceny or any felony therein. (Pen.Code, § 459.)

While appellant apparently concedes that there was an entry into the building, he questions the evidence regarding only one of the elements--intent. Intent, of course, is a subjective matter rarely susceptible of direct proof. Its existence must be inferred. (People v. Henderson, 138 Cal.App.2d 505, 509, 292 P.2d 267.)

The intruder's intent to commit theft within the houses was amply shown by the secret and noiseless entry in an unusual manner at an odd hour of the night into the homes where he was not an invited guest, the thefts of property, and his sudden flight on being discovered in the Weinberg home.

The California Supreme Court stated in People v. Soto, 53 Cal. 415, 416: '* * * when a person enters a building through a window at a late hour of the night, after the lights are extinguished, and no explanation is given of his intent, it may well be inferred that his purpose was to commit larceny, * * *.' (See also People v. Sturman, 56 Cal.App.2d 173, 182, 132 P.2d 504; People v. Henderson, supra, 138 Cal.App.2d 505, 509, 292 P.2d 267; People v. Schwab, 136 Cal.App.2d 280, 287-288, 288 P.2d 627.)

Appellant addresses his principal complaint to the evidence identifying him in the entry of these two homes. His fingerprints and footprints were found in highly suspicious and unusual locations inside the houses at which he was unknown and to which he had not been invited. His modus operandi was identical. Mrs. Weinberg testified that she had seen his silhouette, which resembled appellant's. The appellant failed to take the stand to explain the evidence presented against him, and therefore, the jury was justified in concluding that the more adverse explanations were the more probable. (People v. Adamson, 27 Cal.2d 478, 489, 165 P.2d 3.)

The most convincing evidence consisted of fingerprints and footprints. It is completely settled law that fingerprints are the strongest evidence of identity of a person. (2 Wigmore on Evidence, § 414, pp. 389-390.)

The court said in People v. Riser, 47 Cal.2d 566, 589, 305 P.2d 1, 15, that 'Fingerprint evidence is the strongest evidence of identity, and is ordinarily sufficient alone to identify the defendant.' (See also People v. Ang, 204 Cal.App.2d 553, 555, 22 Cal.Rptr. 455.)

Bare footprints are as reliable an index of identity as fingerprints. Volume 28, American Law Reports Second, at page 1128, lists cases from jurisdictions holding bare footprints admissible on the same basis as fingerprints.

In the Weinberg burglary appellant's left thumbprint was found on the clasp of the purse from which the money was stolen. The purse had been left closed and was found open and empty shortly after Mrs. Weinberg had placed it there. This supports the inference that the print was placed on the purse clasp at the time of the burglary.

In Stacy v. State, 49 Okl.Cr. 154, 292 P. 885-887, appellant's fingerprints were found on the door of the burglarized safe and this was held to be 'a circumstance irresistibly pointing to his guilt.'

In the case of People v. Wise, 199 Cal.App.2d 57, at page 60, 18 Cal.Rptr. 343, at page 345, appellant's fingerprints were found on a roll of tape at the scene of the crime and the court stated:

'Here, the defendant's fingerprint was found on the tape which can be used as a burglary tool. As we recently pointed out in People v. Beem, 13 Cal.Rptr. 238 at 240: 'It is well established that fingerprints are the strongest evidence of identity of a person and under proper circumstances alone sufficient to identify the defendant as a criminal * * *.'' (See also People v. Ang, supra, 204 Cal.App.2d 553, 555, 22 Cal.Rptr. 455.)

In the Kreider burglary barefoot prints were discovered on top of the washer and this evidence clearly justifies the inference that appellant stood on the washer, barefooted to eliminate noise, crawled through the kitchen window, and took the money.

A single fingerprint on or near some unusual means of access is sufficient to support a burglary conviction, as held in People v. Rodis, 145 Cal.App.2d 44, 46, 301 P.2d 886, and People v. Massey, 196 Cal.App.2d 230, 234, 16 Cal.Rptr. 402.

Because of the location of these fingerprints and footprints in our case, the jury could properly infer that such prints had been impressed there at the time the crimes were committed. (People v. Massey, supra, 196 Cal.App.2d 230, 234, 16 Cal.Rptr. 402.)

Partial fingerprints and footprints are sufficient, and it is immaterial whether or not there was a complete print. The sole question is whether that print found is sufficient to enable the expert to identify the criminal.

Many California cases have affirmed convictions based on identification of a single fingerprint (People v. Ang, supra, 204 Cal.App.2d 553, 555, 22 Cal.Rptr. 455; People v. Wise, supra, 199 Cal.App.2d 57, 60, 18 Cal.Rptr. 343; People v. Rodis, supra, 145 Cal.App.2d 44,...