People v. Cuadrado

• Decision Date: 18 December 2007
• Docket Number: 168.
• Citation: 9 N.Y.3d 362,880 N.E.2d 861,850 N.Y.S.2d 375
• Parties: The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. William CUADRADO, Appellant.
• Court: New York Court of Appeals Court of Appeals

880 N.E.2d 861

9 N.Y.3d 362

850 N.Y.S.2d 375

The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. William CUADRADO, Appellant.

168.

Court of Appeals of New York.

December 18, 2007.

Office of the Appellate Defender, New York City (Margaret E. Knight, Richard M. Greenberg and Daniel A. Warshawsky of counsel), for appellant.

Robert M. Morgenthau, District Attorney, New York City (Michael S. Morgan and Eleanor J. Ostrow of counsel), for respondent.

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OPINION OF THE COURT

SMITH, J.

Defendant waived indictment and pleaded guilty to a charge contained in a superior court information. It is now conceded that the waiver and plea were invalid, but defendant appealed

[850 N.Y.S.2d 364]

from his conviction without complaining of that defect. We hold that defendant is barred from raising the issue later, in a motion to vacate his conviction under CPL 440.10.

Facts and Procedural History

In 1991, defendant was one of a group of men who tried to rob a delicatessen. Two people were shot, and one of them died. Defendant was indicted for murder, attempted robbery, and criminal possession of a weapon. He was not indicted on any assault charge, but in 1992 he agreed to plead guilty to assault in the first degree, among other crimes; to implement this agreement, he signed a waiver of indictment and pleaded guilty to a superior court information alleging first-degree assault. He received a sentence of 4 to 12 years for that crime, to run consecutively to other sentences imposed on him.

The People now concede that the waiver of indictment was invalid (see N.Y. Const., art. T, § 6 [permitting waiver of indictment for an "infamous crime" only by "a person held for the action of a grand jury" on a charge "other than, one punishable by death or life imprisonment"]; People v. Boston, 75 N.Y.2d 585, 555 N.Y.S.2d 27, 554 N.E.2d 64 [1990]; People v. Trueluck, 88 N.Y.2d 546, 647 N.Y.S.2d 476, 670 N.E.2d 977 [1996] ). As Boston and Trueluck illustrate, this was a defect that defendant could have challenged on direct appeal. However, defendant appealed his conviction to the Appellate Division without raising this issue, or any other except the claimed excessiveness of his sentence.

In 2004, 12 years after pleading guilty, defendant moved under CPL 440.10 to vacate his assault conviction, relying on the invalid waiver of indictment. Supreme Court granted the motion, but the Appellate Division reversed, with one Justice dissenting (People v. Cuadrado, 37 A.D.3d 218, 830 N.Y.S.2d 65 [1st Dept.2007] ). An Appellate Division Justice granted leave to appeal, and we now affirm the order of the Appellate Division.

Discussion

Defendant's motion to vacate his conviction is barred by CPL 440.10(2)(c), which says:

"[T]he court must deny a motion to vacate a judgment when: . . . .

"(c) Although sufficient facts appear on the record of the proceedings underlying the judgment to have permitted, upon appeal from such judgment, adequate

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review of the ground or issue raised upon the motion, no such appellate review or determination occurred owing to the defendant's ... unjustifiable failure to raise such ground or issue upon an appeal actually perfected by him."

CPL 440.10(1) lists, among the grounds it permits a defendant to raise, a contention that "[t]he court did not have jurisdiction of the action or of the person of the defendant" (CPL 440.10[1][a] ). A motion on this ground, as on all the other grounds listed in the statute, must be denied when the circumstances described in CPL 440.10(2)(c) exist.

Defendant does not dispute that those circumstances exist here: he has omitted an issue that he could have raised on appeal, and then raised the same issue in a CPL article 440 motion. He argues, however, that the statutory bar may not be applied in this case, because the defect he complains of is a "fundamental jurisdictional" one. We reject the argument. Whether or not a defect is properly described by the adjectives "fundamental" and "jurisdictional," it is within the power of the Legislature to make reasonable rules governing when those defects may be complained of. As long as those rules give a defendant a fair opportunity to vindicate his rights, they should be enforced. CPL 440.10(2)(c...