People v. Figueroa

Decision Date09 January 1969
Docket NumberCr. 14342
Citation268 Cal.App.2d 721,74 Cal.Rptr. 74
PartiesThe PEOPLE of the State of California, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Richard B. FIGUEROA, Defendant and Appellant.
CourtCalifornia Court of Appeals Court of Appeals

Thomas C. Lynch, Atty. Gen., William E. James, Asst. Atty. Gen., Thomas Kerrigan, Deputy Atty. Gen., for respondent.

KAUS, Presiding Justice.

After a preliminary hearing, an information charging defendant with a violation of section 11530 of the Health and Safety Code (possession of marijuana) was filed in case number 327731, in the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. After a court trial defendant was found guilty. After his motion for a new trial was denied, cirminal proceedings were adjourned and he was committed under the provisions of section 3051 of the Welfare and Institutions Code. The appeal is therefore from the order denying the motion for a new trial. (Pen.Code § 1237, subd. 2, as in effect when the appeal was taken.)

FACTS

On August 8, 1966, in the afternoon, Officer Batson, who was alone in a police vehicle, saw defendant driving a car. There were two passengers in the car, one of whom sat in the right front seat. The car had no 1966 registration tag on the rear plate. The officer caused defendant to stop his car. He too stopped. Defendant then left his vehicle 'quite suddenly' and walked toward the police car. Batson, in turn, stepped out of his car and explained to defendant why he had been stopped. He asked to see the registration of defendant's car. One Pryor, the passenger in the right front seat, took some papers out of the glove compartment and handed them to defendant. The papers were a pink slip, showing title in someone other than defendant; however--as Batson testified--there were 'other papers from D.M.V. which showed that he was in the process of getting (the registration) changed to his name but had not completed it.'

Since the officer, being alone, felt it a disadvantage to have two persons in the car and one outside, he asked Pryor and the other passenger to step out of the car. As Pryor complied, the officer noticed a cellophane wrapper sticking out of a rip in the front seat. It contained what looked like a green plant substance, which he believed to be marijuana. 1 He placed all three persons under arrest.

At the scene of the arrest defendant was properly advised of his constitutional rights and said that he understood them. On the way to the station defendant denied any knowledge of the presence of marijuana in the car. At the station defendant was caught in the act of reaching for the evidence and attempting to flee with it. After being subdued, defendant said that the marijuana was not his and he was not going 'to get hung for it.'

On August 9, Officer Knowles again properly advised defendant of his constitutional rights. Asked whether he understood his rights defendant either answered in the affirmative or nodded. Defendant then made an oral confession to the effect that the marijuana was his and said that the two passengers did not know anything about it. He also signed a written confession. Before defendant signed the written confession which had been written out by the officer, he asked 'if that would cut loose' the passengers. The officer said he did not know, that it was up to the district attorney.

In the superior court defendant made a motion, pursuant to section 995 of the Penal Code, to have the information set aside. The only matter argued was the legality of the seizure. The court first granted the motion, holding that the officer had no right to order Pryor out of the car. It was then brought to the attention of the court that sometime before the incident in question defendant had accepted probation in another case. One of the conditions was that he submit himself to otherwise unreasonable searches by peace officers. 2 The court then vacated its ruling and denied the motion.

The matter went to trial before the same judge. Jury trial was waived and the case was submitted on the transcript of the preliminary hearing. The stipulation with respect to the submission is set forth in the footnote. 3 It will be noted that there is no stipulation that objections to evidence made before the magistrate need not be renewed in the superior court.

Before the trial defense counsel had done additional research since the time of the 995 motion and he directed the court's attention to People v. Gallegos, 62 Cal.2d 176, 41 Cal.Rptr. 590, 397 P.2d 174, which holds that an illegal search and seizure could not be saved by the fact that the person searched was on parole, where the record did not disclose that he was detained as a possible parole violator. The trial court, however, ruled that 'what is in the mind of one peace officer is in the mind of all peace officers' and again found that the condition of probation validated the seizure. The marijuana was admitted. No objection to the admission of any other evidence received by the magistrate was made. Defendant was convicted.

On appeal defendant contends that the marijuana was illegally seized and that his confession should not have been admitted. We disagree on both points. Ironically, on the first point, we reach the same result as the trial court because we disagree with its two key rulings.

THE LEGALITY OF THE SEIZURE

Although the applicability of People v. Gallegos, supra, 4 seems compelling, the entire issue of the effect of the condition of probation is a red herring. If the request to leave the car was an instance of overbearing police conduct, the victim was Pryor, not Figueroa. If Figueroa has no standing to complain of the violation of Pryor's rights, that is the end of the matter. If he does have standing--as we think he does (People v. Martin, 45 Cal.2d 755, 759--761, 290 P.2d 855)--to say that the consent to be searched includes a waiver of objections to the violation of civil rights of others, stretches its effect far beyond its obvious intent.

In any event, what defendant consented to was to be searched. Here, there was no search. Once Pryor got out of the car, the marijuana was in plain sight.

This brings us to the real issue: was the officer legally justified in requesting Pryor to get out of the car?

We accept the trial court's interpretation of the record to the effect that after Batson was shown the Department of Motor Vehicle documents which showed that Figueroa was in the process of having the car registered to his name, he no longer had any cause to suspect that the car was stolen. 5 Nevertheless, as far as he was concerned, the confrontation with the occupants was not at an end. The car was being operated in violation of sections 5202 and 5204 of the Vehicle Code, a misdemeanor. (Veh.Code, § 40000.) His duty required that he remain in the presence of defendant and his companions. He was alone, there were three of them. Although when persons are stopped for simple traffic violations, a police officer's authority to encroach upon the right of such persons 'to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures' (U.S.Const., Amend. IV) is very limited indeed (People v. Blodgett, 46 Cal.2d 114, 116--117, 293 P.2d 57; People v. Cruz, 264 Cal.App.2d ---, --- *, 70 Cal.Rptr. 249; People v. Moray, 222 Cal.App.2d 743, 746--747, 35 Cal.Rptr. 432), a certain antagonism in the confrontation is inevitable. Although there is no question that the officer's actions have to be measured by the imperatives of the Fourth Amendment (Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 16--20, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889), Terry establishes a principle of flexible, graduated responses by the police in view of the 'rapidly unfolding and often dangerous situations on city streets * * *.' (Ibid., p. 10, 88 S.Ct. p. 1874.)

In Terry the Supreme Court decided under what circumstances a police officer is entitled to effect a temporary detention of a person and to conduct a superficial frisk for weapons. In the case at bar it cannot be--and is not--contended that the situation was such that a reasonable officer could have drawn specific inferences from the situation which would have entitled him to frisk any of the occupants of the car.

Of course nothing of the kind took place. All that Batson did was to ask the passenger to join the driver. He had, what the United States Supreme Court calls, an 'inchoate and unparticularized suspicion' (Terry v. Ohio, supra, p. 27, 88 S.Ct. 1868)...

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