People v. Heath

• Decision Date: 23 October 1968
• Docket Number: Cr. 14357
• Citation: 72 Cal.Rptr. 457,266 Cal.App.2d 754
• Court: California Court of Appeals Court of Appeals
• Parties: The PEOPLE of the State of California, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Philip S. Seymour HEATH, Defendant and Appellant.

Page 457

72 Cal.Rptr. 457

266 Cal.App.2d 754

The PEOPLE of the State of California, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Philip S. Seymour HEATH, Defendant and Appellant.

Cr. 14357.

Court of Appeal, Second District, Division 2, California.

Oct. 23, 1968.

Morris Lavine, Los Angeles, for defendant and appellant.

Thomas C. Lynch, Atty. Gen., William E. James, Asst. Atty. Gen., and James H. Kline, Deputy Atty. Gen., for plaintiff and respondent.

HERNDON, Associate Justice.

Defendant appeals from the order granting probation entered following a nonjury trial that resulted in his conviction of violating Penal Code section 415. ¹ Appellant contends (1) that he 'was convicted on evidence secured in violation of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States;' and (2) that 'the court erred in the sentence which was in excess of the amount authorized by section 415 of the Penal Code, to wit, a fine of $250, and erred in providing for three years' probation when the maximum term of the sentence was 90 days.' With the exception of that relating to the amount of the fine, appellant's contentions are without merit.

The evidence supporting appellant's conviction consisted of the testimony of a police officer who, from a concealed vantage point, had observed appellant and another man committing an act of sexual perversion in a doorless commode stall located in a public toilet and exposed to the full view of any member of the public entering the toilet. To Observe from a hidden area that which is open to public view does not constitute an unreasonable Search.

'It has been consistently held that it is proper to receive testimony of police officers as to their observations of acts of sexual perversion through hidden peepholes looking into a public men's rest room where the acts were committed in the open area of the room and would have been in plain view of anyone entering. * * *' (People v. Roberts, 256 A.C.A. 537, 543, 64 Cal.Rptr. 70, 74; People v. Maldonado, 240 Cal.App.2d 812, 813--814, 50 Cal.Rptr. 45; People v. Hensel, 233 Cal.App.2d 834, 836, 43 Cal.Rptr. 865 (hearing denied); People v. Young, 214 Cal.App.2d 131, 133--135, 29 Cal.Rptr. 492 (hearing denied); and People v. Norton, 209 Cal.App.2d 173, 174--177 (hearing denied).)

Appellant recognizes that it is not the province of an intermediate appellate court to 'overrule' the explicit holdings of prior decisions in which our highest court has has repeatedly denied petitions for hearing. Rather, he argues that 'The modification ² by (the above cited decisions of) the Bielicki case (Bielicki v. Superior Court, 57 Cal.2d 602, 21 Cal.Rptr. 552, 371 P.2d 288) because a door was removed from toilets and thus it was a place that was investigated, not the privacy of the person, has now been altered by the Katz case (Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 88 S.Ct. 507, 19 L.Ed.2d 576).' Our reading of the decision in Katz requires us to reject such contention. The specific language of Katz on which the argument is founded is as follows (389 U.S. page 351, 88 S.Ct. page 511, 19 L.Ed.2d pages 581--582):

'Because of the misleading way the issues have been formulated, the parties have attached great significance to the characterization of the telephone booth from which the petitioner placed his calls. The petitioner has strenuously argued that the booth was a 'constitutionally protected area.' The Government has maintained with equal vigor that it was not. But this effort to decide whether or not a given 'area,' viewed In the abstract, is 'constitutionally protected' deflects attention from the problem presented by this case. For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. (Citations.) But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected. (Citations.)

'The Government stresses the fact that the telephone booth from which the petitioner made his calls was constructed partly of glass, so that he was as visible after he entered it as he would have been if he had remained outside. But what he sought to exclude when he entered the booth was not the intruding eye--it was the uninvited ear. He did not shed his right to do so simply because he made his calls from a place Where he might be seen. No less than an individual in a business office, in a friend's apartment, or in a taxicab, a person in a telephone booth may rely upon the protection of the Fourth Amendment. One who occupies it, Shuts the door behind him, and pays the toll that permits him to place a call, is surely entitled to assume That the words he utters into the mouthpiece will not be broadcast to the world.' (Emphasis added.)

It appears manifest that the teaching of Katz offers further support to the holding of the California decisions, cited supra, rather than weakening them. The test is not whether a Place, in this instance one containing toilet facilities, is to be regarded as a sanctuary in the abstract, but rather whether the conduct and reasonable expectations of the Person utilizing such a Place entitles him to freedom from judicially unauthorized surveillance. 'If a defendant conducts his activities under circumstances indicating an indifference to public observation, he cannot object if the observer is a policeman.' (People v. Aguilar, 232 Cal.App.2d 173, 177, 42 Cal.Rptr. 666, 669.)

This point finds further explicit recognition in Justice Harlan's concurring opinion in Katz wherein he observed 389 U.S. at page 361, 88 S.Ct. at page 516, 19 L.Ed.2d at pages 587--588:

'As the Court's...