People v. Jansen
| Citation | 713 P.2d 907 |
| Decision Date | 31 January 1986 |
| Docket Number | No. 85SA103,85SA103 |
| Parties | The PEOPLE of the State of Colorado, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Robert JANSEN, Richard Kosse, and Aisse Kosse, Defendants-Appellees. |
| Court | Supreme Court of Colorado |
Nolan L. Brown, Dist. Atty., Dennis Hall, Deputy Dist. Atty., Golden, for plaintiff-appellant.
David F. Vela, State Public Defender, Terri Harrington, Deputy State Public Defender, Golden, for defendant-appellee Robert Jansen.
William Blair Sylvester and Associates, P.C., Maria F. Scott, Frederick P. Bibik, Wheat Ridge, for defendant-appellee Richard Kosse.
C.J. Berardini, P.C., C.J. Berardini, Denver, for defendant-appellee Aisse Kosse.
Under C.A.R. 4.1, the People appeal the district court's order suppressing certain items of physical evidence seized pursuant to a search warrant issued by a county judge. The People argue that the trial court improperly shifted the burden of proof on the suppression issue from the defendants to the prosecution and that the motions filed by two of the defendants were facially insufficient. We reject the People's contentions and affirm the trial court's ruling.
Before summarizing the facts pertinent to this appeal, we will trace the course of the proceedings which preceded the suppression hearing. This discussion is necessary in order to place the contentions of the parties in focus.
The defendants were each charged in a two-count felony complaint filed in the Jefferson County Court with possession of a schedule II controlled substance (methamphetamine) 1 and manufacturing a schedule II controlled substance (methamphetamine). 2 After the cases were bound over to the district court for trial, motions to suppress evidence were filed. The defendant Jansen filed a "Motion to Suppress Search of Home." In his motion, Jansen alleged that he was aggrieved by an unlawful search and seizure and sought to have all evidence suppressed on the ground that the property was seized without a warrant in violation of " § 16-3-101 et seq.," 8 C.R.S. (1973 & 1985 Supp.); Crim.P. 41; Colo. Const. art. II, § 7; and U.S. Const. amends. IV, XIV. Jansen also filed a "Motion to Suppress Evidence and Statements," on the basis that any statements made by him to police officers were involuntary and obtained in violation of his constitutional rights.
Defendant Richard Kosse also filed a "Motion to Suppress" in which he sought suppression of statements and physical evidence generally, on the grounds that the evidence obtained by the Jefferson County Sheriff's Officers was the product of an illegal arrest and an illegal search and seizure. Counsel for defendant Aisse Kosse filed no suppression motions on her behalf. 3
The motions to suppress evidence were set for hearing on March 4, 1985. At the time of the hearing, however, Aisse Kosse did not appear because she was in the hospital. Her husband, co-defendant Richard Kosse, informed the trial judge that his wife had made arrangements for counsel to represent her and that she would be discharged from the hospital the following day. The court then ordered a forfeiture of Mrs. Kosse's bond and the issuance of a bench warrant for her arrest. However, the court stayed execution of its orders for three weeks.
Before the court heard evidence on the suppression motion, counsel for defendant Jansen made an oral motion to dismiss the charges against her client, or that the suppression motions be granted, or that the hearing be continued, on the ground that she had just received a copy of the affidavit submitted in support of the request for a warrant to search the defendants' residence. The motion was also premised on the district attorney's alleged failure to provide defense counsel with a copy of a report from the Colorado Bureau of Investigation which contained the results of analytical tests conducted on the items seized. The court denied the motion and the hearing was held.
The following factual statements are alleged in the affidavit of Michael Riese, a Jefferson County Deputy Sheriff. On the evening of September 5, 1984, two Jefferson County Deputy Sheriffs, Nauser and Parker, were sent to a residence near Evergreen, Colorado, to assist in a "stand-by to prevent capacity" in a landlord-tenant dispute. Upon arriving at the property, the landlord told the officers that he wished to inspect the property because the tenants had been served with an eviction notice and he was fearful that further damages to the premises might occur.
As Nauser and Parker walked up to the front door of the residence, they observed movement through an open window in a room next to the front door. Nauser saw defendants Aisse and Richard Kosse standing in a bedroom. When the two defendants in turn observed Nauser, one of them dropped a syringe onto a nearby table on which was a small bowl containing a clear liquid. As he approached the front door, Nauser smelled an extremely pungent, ether-like odor coming from the bedroom. Richard Kosse then placed a blanket over the window, blocking the view of the two officers.
Defendant Jansen opened the door to the residence as Kosse was pulling the blanket over the window. According to Riese's affidavit, Nauser and Parker entered the house without first obtaining Jansen's consent because they feared for their personal safety and believed that a crime was being committed in their presence. Nauser immediately proceeded to the bedroom he had seen through the window and ordered Richard and Aisse Kosse into the adjacent living room. While in the bedroom, Nauser observed an alcoholic beverage bottle containing a yellow liquid sitting in a bucket of ice and two hypodermic needles. He also noted that the odor of ether was even stronger than it had been from outside.
In the meantime, the other individuals who were at the residence were assembled in the living room by Parker. When Nauser returned to the living room, he advised everyone present in the home, including the defendants, that they were being detained pending further investigation. The officers then summoned Deputy Estep to the scene.
More of the facts surrounding the searches of the defendants' home were developed at the suppression hearing. Estep, a patrol shift sergeant with the Jefferson County Sheriff's Department, testified that Nauser requested his assistance at the Evergreen residence because he was uncertain of the significance of the items he had observed. Upon his arrival at the home, Estep conducted a visual search of the bedroom and observed some glassware, bottles with fluids in them, litmus paper, and a syringe. Next, he advised all the persons being detained of their Miranda 4 rights in a group advisement. Estep then took defendant Richard Kosse outside and, after readvising him of his Miranda rights, questioned him about the items seen in the house.
Kosse told Estep that he was a student at Metropolitan State College and that he was conducting a chemistry experiment. He stated that the chemicals included ether and alcohol, and that all of the chemicals being utilized in the experiment could be purchased at any store. Kosse refused, however, to disclose the purpose of the chemistry experiment. Estep then informed Kosse of his previous law enforcement history, particularly his experience concerning narcotics, in the hope of eliciting more information from Kosse. However, even though Estep asked specific questions about the manufacture of PCP and methamphetamine, Kosse denied that he was formulating either of those drugs.
Deputy Riese also testified at the suppression hearing. He was called to the scene by Estep because of his special expertise in the field of narcotics investigation, gained while on assignment to the Federal Drug Enforcement Administration Task Force. Riese testified that upon arriving at the residence in Evergreen he first spoke with officers Nauser and Estep. He then passed through the living room, where the eight persons were being detained, and into the Kosses' bedroom. There he observed essentially the same items previously noticed by Nauser and Estep. Riese also detected a strong odor which, like the materials he observed, he associated with the unlawful manufacture of methamphetamine.
Riese asked defendant Jansen to consent to a search of the premises. Jansen refused. Riese then questioned the persons being detained in an effort to gather more information about the suspected illegal manufacture of methamphetamine. In Riese's conversation with Jansen, who had once again been advised of his Miranda rights, Jansen stated that the reason for the ether smell was that they were cleaning carburetors in the house. Thereafter, the defendants and one other person, Dawn M. Dabling, were placed under arrest and taken into custody. 5 The other persons at the home were released.
Based upon his own observations and the information obtained from his fellow officers, Riese prepared an affidavit and, on the following morning, obtained a search warrant for the Evergreen residence. The warrant was executed later that day. Numerous items were seized, including chemicals, glassware, and other equipment, all of which were later found by the trial court to have been in plain view at the time of the initial warrantless entry and search.
To summarize, the evidence presented at the suppression hearing consisted only of the testimony of Deputies Estep and Riese, and the search warrant together with its supporting affidavit. The People presented no testimonial evidence pertaining to the initial entry and search of the home even though Nauser was present and the trial court twice invited the prosecutor to reopen the evidence. 6 At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court denied the defendants' motions to suppress oral statements, granted defendant Jansen's motion for separate trials, and requested briefs from counsel on the remaining issues. After considering the briefs, the district court ordered the evidence...
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