People v. Kitching

• Decision Date: 26 November 1991
• Citation: 583 N.E.2d 944,577 N.Y.S.2d 231,78 N.Y.2d 532
• Parties: , 583 N.E.2d 944 The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Lambert KITCHING, Appellant.
• Court: New York Court of Appeals Court of Appeals

Page 231

577 N.Y.S.2d 231

78 N.Y.2d 532, 583 N.E.2d 944

The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Lambert KITCHING, Appellant.

Court of Appeals of New York.

Nov. 26, 1991.

[78 N.Y.2d 533] Robert P. App and Philip L. Weinstein, New York City, for appellant.

[78 N.Y.2d 534] John J. Santucci, Dist. Atty., Kew Gardens (Stephanie D. Schwartz and Spiros A. Tsimbinos, of counsel), for respondent.

OPINION OF THE COURT

HANCOCK, Judge.

Defendant was arrested for selling $10 worth of crack/cocaine to an undercover officer. Following a jury trial, he was convicted of criminal sale of a controlled substance in the third degree and other drug-related crimes. ¹ In his appeal to the Appellate Division, defendant argued that the trial court had improperly denied his request for a missing witness charge because of the People's unexplained failure to call a second undercover officer who allegedly had observed the sale. The Appellate Division rejected defendant's argument and unanimously affirmed. 165 A.D.2d 836, 560 N.Y.S.2d 401. It cited--but did not distinguish--our recent decision in People v. Erts, 73 N.Y.2d 872, 537 N.Y.S.2d 796, 534 N.E.2d 833. The defendant has appealed by leave. We now reverse the convictions for sale and possession in the third degree.

I

The alleged "buy" for which defendant was tried and convicted took place shortly after 6:00 P.M. on November 11, 1987 near the corner of 171st Street and Liberty Avenue in Queens. It was dark, very cold and snowy. Undercover Officer 8615, accompanied by another undercover officer, parked on the north side of Liberty Avenue facing west between 171st and 172nd. Across Liberty Avenue near the corner, Officer 8615 observed a man wearing a blue snorkel jacket. He approached him and asked if he had any "nicks" ($5 quantities of crack/cocaine). The man responded that he only had "dimes" ($10 quantities). Officer 8615 said, "OK, give me one" and the man handed him a clear, plastic vial with a yellow top. He gave the man a prerecorded $10 bill and returned to his car. The "buy" transaction, he testified, lasted 10 to 15 seconds.

Officer 8615 contacted the back-up team and gave them a description of the man who, he said, had gone into the "bodega" on the corner. The back-up team entered the "bodega" and arrested a person who fit the description. At trial, Officer 8615 identified defendant--the man whom the police had arrested--as the person who sold him the drugs.

The police searched defendant immediately following the arrest, but did not find the prerecorded "buy" money. The search did uncover, however, four plastic "baggies" of crack and one of marihuana. According to expert testimony, in the failure of the police to find the "buy" money on defendant and in their discovery of a supply of other drugs, defendant's arrest differed from the typical drug "buy" arrest. Officer Fenrich of the Queens Narcotics Division testified that in 80 to 90% of drug "buy" cases the prerecorded money is recovered. * Also, according to Fenrich, the seller seldom carries a supply of drugs with him. Thus, in 75% of the cases--as contrasted with defendant's arrest--the postarrest search turns up no drugs or drug paraphernalia.

On cross-examination, Officer 8615 testified that his partner, another undercover officer, was "in the car watching [him] to make sure that [he was] all right". Officer 8615 stated that he and the seller were both standing sideways to the vehicle which was parked on the other side of the street. He did not "know if [his partner] could see the hand-to-hand action from where he was sitting". The People never called the partner to testify.

Before the final summations, defense counsel requested a missing witness charge based on the facts developed in his cross-examination of Officer 8615. The court summarily denied the request, apparently concluding that defendant had not made the requisite prima facie showing of entitlement to the charge under People v. Gonzalez, 68 N.Y.2d 424, 427-428, 509 N.Y.S.2d 796, 502 N.E.2d 583.

On defendant's appeal of the convictions to the Appellate Division, that court affirmed in a brief memorandum stating that there was no basis for a reversal "on the ground that the trial court denied [defendant's] request for a missing witness charge" (165 A.D.2d 836, 560 N.Y.S.2d 401).

II

In People v. Gonzalez, 68 N.Y.2d 424, 509 N.Y.S.2d 796, 502 N.E.2d 583, supra, we explained that the instruction "commonly referred to as a 'missing witness charge', derives from the commonsense notion that 'the nonproduction of evidence that would naturally have been produced by an honest and therefore fearless claimant permits the inference that its tenor is unfavorable to the party's cause' (2 Wigmore, Evidence § 285, at 192 [Chadbourn rev. ed. 1979] quoted in Laffin v. Ryan, 4 A.D.2d 21, 25 . Of course, the mere failure to produce a witness at trial, standing alone, is insufficient to justify the charge. Rather, it must be shown that the uncalled witness is knowledgeable about a material issue upon which evidence is already in the case; that the witness would naturally be expected to provide noncumulative testimony favorable to the party who has not called him, and that the witness is available to such party" (id., at 427, 509 N.Y.S.2d 796, 502 N.E.2d 583).

Once the party seeking the charge has met the initial burden of showing that the uncalled witness could be expected to have knowledge about a material issue and to testify favorably to the opposing party "it becomes incumbent upon the opposing party, in order to defeat the request to charge, to account for the witness' absence or otherwise demonstrate that the charge would not be appropriate. This burden can be met by demonstrating that the witness is not knowledgeable about the issue, that the issue is not material or relevant, that although the issue is material or relevant, the testimony would be cumulative to other evidence, that the witness is not 'available', or that the witness is not under the party's 'control' such that he would not be expected to testify in his or her favor" (id., at 428, 509 N.Y.S.2d 796, 502 N.E.2d 583).

In the case before us, no question is raised concerning the "control" or "availability" requirements for the missing witness charge. Indeed, if there had been any doubt on either of these points, the record could not reflect it because the court denied the request without requiring the prosecutor "to account for the witness' absence or otherwise demonstrate that the charge would not be appropriate" (id., at 428, 509 N.Y.S.2d 796, 502 N.E.2d 583). The People's sole contention is that defendant failed to sustain his initial burden under Gonzalez of showing that the witness was knowledgeable about a material issue in the case. The initial showing was insufficient, the People argue, because defendant's "application merely drew bold-faced conclusions and did not supply any details to back them up, nor did counsel even specify upon which issue the witness was allegedly knowledgeable".

The People's argument, if adopted, would place on the party requesting the charge a far more onerous burden of making a prima facie showing of the witness' possession of material knowledge than called for in Gonzalez. A party requesting a missing witness charge with respect to a witness under the control of (and presumably favorable to) the opposite party can hardly know what that witness knows or what the witness would say if called. Because the witness is...