People v. Prieto
Decision Date | 27 April 1993 |
Docket Number | No. B067966,B067966 |
Citation | 15 Cal.App.4th 210,18 Cal.Rptr.2d 761 |
Court | California Court of Appeals Court of Appeals |
Parties | The PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Jaime PRIETO, Defendant and Appellant. |
Daniel E. Lungren, Atty. Gen., George Williamson, Chief Asst. Atty. Gen., Carol Wendelin Pollack, Sr. Asst. Atty. Gen., Susan D. Martynec, Asst. Supervising Deputy Atty. Gen., and James William Bilderback II, Deputy Atty. Gen., for plaintiff and respondent.
If a defendant, by force, takes two purses from a purse owner while the other purse owner, three to four feet away, shouts may the defendant be convicted of two counts of robbery? Our answer is yes. We affirm the judgment.
The facts may be stated simply. Our perspective favors the judgment. (People v. Barnes (1986) 42 Cal.3d 284, 303-304, 228 Cal.Rptr. 228, 721 P.2d 110.)
On December 31, 1991, at 10 a.m., Lorraine Dingman, a paraplegic, parked her car in the large Pico Rivera indoor swap meet parking lot. Her employer, Carolina Pantoja, also having just arrived for work, helped Ms. Dingman into her wheelchair. Ms. Pantoja gave Ms. Dingman her purse to hold so she could push Ms. Dingman's wheelchair. Ms. Dingman put both purses on her lap. The two women were accompanied by Ms. Pantoja's two young sons, one of whom was carrying a carpet sweeper. As Ms. Pantoja "was wheeling her [Ms. Dingman] in" they stopped because Ms. Pantoja's son "started having trouble with the carpet sweeper."
Appellant approached from Ms. Pantoja's right, bent over Ms. Dingman, and grabbed both purses. Ms. Dingman held on to them. They "struggled back and forth." 1 Ms. Dingman "held on as tight as [she] could." Appellant was "fighting" her." "He kept pulling them from [her]." Ms. Dingman screamed.
Ms. Pantoja, 4-5 feet away, realized Ms. Dingman "was being robbed" and yelled at appellant:
Finally, 2 appellant pulled the purses from Ms. Dingman and began to run away. A station wagon approached and the driver opened the passenger door for appellant. Appellant, pursued by Ms. Pantoja and others, ran toward the station wagon. The driver, 3 apparently seeing the pursuers, drove off without appellant. The driver drove to nearby Paramount Boulevard, stopped, let appellant enter, and drove off. A witness, who had observed the robbery and the foot pursuit, followed them in his car.
About 20 minutes later, having abandoned the car, appellant and the driver were arrested while seated on a bus bench. Appellant had Ms. Dingman's watch and money in his pocket.
By amended information appellant was charged with the robbery of Ms. Dingman (count I) and Ms. Pantoja (count II). A jury convicted him of both. The trial court sentenced appellant to a five year state prison term on count I (the upper term for second degree robbery), and a concurrent five year term on count II.
Appellant does not contest his robbery conviction of Ms. Dingman. Nor does he contest his sentence for that conviction. His sole contention 4 is this: as to Ms. Pantoja, the elements of robbery are lacking. We consider this contention.
"Robbery is the felonious taking of personal property in the possession of another, from his person or immediate presence, and against his will, accomplished by means of force or fear." (Pen.Code, § 211.) "Fear" includes fear for "anyone in the company of the person robbed...." (Pen.Code, § 212.)
The elements of robbery 5 are: (1) a taking (2) of personal property (3) in the possession of another (4) from her person or immediate presence (5) against her will (6) accomplished by means of force or fear (7) with an intent to permanently deprive.
Appellant argues three of these elements were not proved.
Appellant does not claim insufficient evidence of an intent to steal. He concedes there was ample proof he intended to steal both purses. Rather, he argues there was no proof he specifically intended to steal Ms. Pantoja's purse because he didn't know one of the purses belonged to her.
The argument is specious. Knowledge of owner identity is not an element of robbery. (See, e.g., People v. Miller (1977) 18 Cal.3d 873, 880, 135 Cal.Rptr. 654, 558 P.2d 552.)
Appellant suggests that since there was no physical contact with Ms. Pantoja, the taking was not from her person or immediate presence. Appellant is mistaken.
"The generally accepted definition of immediate presence ... is that ' "[a] thing is in the [immediate] presence of a person, in respect to robbery, which is so within his reach, inspection, observation or control, that he could, if not overcome by violence or prevented by fear, retain his possession of it." ' " (People v. Hayes (1990) 52 Cal.3d 577, 626-627, 276 Cal.Rptr. 874, 802 P.2d 376.) "Under this definition, property may be found to be in the victim's immediate presence 'even though it is located in another room of the house, or in another building on [the] premises.' " (Id. at p. 627, 276 Cal.Rptr. 874, 802 P.2d 376.)
"Immediate presence" is satisfied when: the victims have been put in a walk-in refrigerator while money is taken from a cash register (People v. Ramos (1982) 30 Cal.3d 553, 180 Cal.Rptr. 266, 639 P.2d 908); the victims are tied up in one room while property is taken from another room (People v. Gordon (1982) 136 Cal.App.3d 519, 186 Cal.Rptr. 373); the victim is assaulted in a motel room one hundred seven feet away from the motel office from which the property is stolen (People v. Hayes, supra, 52 Cal.3d 577, 626-629, 276 Cal.Rptr. 874, 802 P.2d 376); a robber crashes through a ceiling into an office, causing the victim to flee, and then steals from the office (People v. Hays (1983) 147 Cal.App.3d 534, 195 Cal.Rptr. 252); the victim is lured one-quarter mile away from his car by robbers who attack and kill him and then steal his car (People v. Webster (1991) 54 Cal.3d 411, 439-442, 285 Cal.Rptr. 31, 814 P.2d 1273.)
The taking of Ms. Pantoja's purse, while she was four to five feet away from it and seeing it taken, was from her immediate presence.
As appellant notes, it is not enough that there be "force" or "fear." The "force" or "fear" must be the means by which the taking was accomplished. 6 As to Ms. Dingman, this element was unquestionably satisfied. Appellant physically struggled with Ms. Dingman in order to take the purses and it was this force which resulted in the taking. (Cf. People v. Welsh (1936) 7 Cal.2d 209, 60 P.2d 124 .)
But in order for Ms. Pantoja to also be a robbery victim appellant must have taken her property and he must have accomplished that taking by means of force or fear as to her.
Since appellant used no force against Ms. Pantoja, the question becomes was fear used. An example may illuminate the question.
If, after Ms. Pantoja gave her purse to Ms. Dingman, she had said "Oh, wait a moment I have to get something from my car," and was 100 feet away when she saw appellant wrench her purse from Ms. Dingman and escape--Ms. Pantoja would not be a robbery victim. Irrespective of any fear she might have felt for herself or for Ms. Dingman (Pen.Code, § 212), that fear would not have been the means by which appellant accomplished the taking of her purse. Being 100 feet away she was simply too distant to prevent the taking, fear or no fear.
To return to the question: could a reasonable juror have believed appellant's conduct discouraged Ms. Pantoja from trying to prevent the theft of her purse?
This very question was presented to the trial judge in ruling upon appellant's Penal Code section 1118.1 motion. He stated:
We agree. Substantial evidence permits the reasonable inference that appellant's forceful struggle to wrest the purses from Ms. Dingman caused...
To continue reading
Request your trial-
People v. Harris
...137 Cal.App. at p. 591, 31 P.2d 439; People v. Gordon, supra, 136 Cal.App.3d 519, 186 Cal.Rptr. 373; see also People v. Prieto (1993) 15 Cal.App.4th 210, 214, 18 Cal.Rptr.2d 761.) We conclude that, given the facts, the distances involved in the office and home takings ("35 to 80 feet," and ......
-
People v. Butler, A120995 (Cal. App. 6/25/2009)
...victim's will; accomplished by means of force or fear; with an intent to permanently deprive the victim of property. (People v. Prieto (1993) 15 Cal.App.4th 210, 213.) Intent may be proved through circumstantial evidence, including the defendant's words and actions. (People v. Medina (2007)......
-
U.S. v. Murray, 94-10124
...victim is lured one-quarter mile away from his car by robbers who attack and kill him and then steal his car.People v. Prieto, 15 Cal. App. 4th 210, 214, 18 Cal. Rptr. 761 (1993) (citations omitted).8 Murray also sought, unsuccessfully, to cross-examine a prosecution witness, a local sherif......
-
People v. Green, B189051 (Cal. App. 8/24/2007)
...of the bag of money. (People v. Renteria (1964) 61 Cal.2d 497, 499; People v. Flynn (2000) 77 Cal.App.4th 766, 771; People v. Prieto (1993) 15 Cal.App.4th 210, 215; People v. Brew (1991) 2 Cal.App.4th 99, 104; see People v. Davison (1995) 32 Cal.App.4th 206, 217.) Even if there was no fear ......