People v. Wolke, Docket No. 2995

• Decision Date: 29 March 1968
• Docket Number: No. 3,Docket No. 2995,3
• Citation: 10 Mich.App. 582,159 N.W.2d 882
• Parties: PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. John C. WOLKE, Defendant-Appellant
• Court: Court of Appeal of Michigan — District of US

Page 882

159 N.W.2d 882

10 Mich.App. 582

PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. John C. WOLKE, Defendant-Appellant.

Docket No. 2995.

Court of Appeals of Michigan, Division No. 3.

March 29, 1968.

Released for Publication July 18, 1968.

Louis John Educato, Maggini & Educato, Grand Rapids, for defendant-appellant.

Frank J. Kelley, Atty. Gen., Robert A. Derengoski, Sol. Gen., Lansing, James K. Miller, Pros. Atty. Kent County, Grand Rapids, for plaintiff-appellee.

Before J. W. FITZGERALD, P.J., and BURNS and NEAL FITZGERALD ^*, JJ.

J. W. FITZGERALD, Presiding Judge.

Four persons were charged with conspiracy to commit abortion** in connection with a series of attempted abortions upon one Georgette Vander Bos. One codefendant was separately tried and convicted prior to the trial here in issue; see People v. Wellman (1967), 6 Mich.App. 573, 149 N.W.2d 908. Another codefendant, Charlotte Bitker, could not be located at the time of trial. Appellant Wolke and codefendant David Paschall were jointly tried and convicted by jury verdict in Kent county circuit court. The 3-day trial was concluded on June 7, 1965, and Wolke was sentenced to 3 to 5 years. A motion for new trial was denied on January 7, 1966, and appeal brought.

The issue on appeal, as stated by defendant, asks, 'Was appellant denied a fair trial because the trial court admitted into evidence certain telephone company records over objection of appellant's counsel?'

Defendant's statement of the issue is somewhat misleading in that it gives the impression that the court permitted the jury to consider the disputed evidence and ignores the attempts by the trial court to correct its initial error by striking the evidence and instructing the jury 3 different times to disregard it. The true question is whether the objectionable evidence denied defendant a fair trial despite the court's corrective actions.

At the trial, complainant Georgette Vander Bos testified substantially as follows: Dr. Wellman gave her a phone number to call in Detroit to arrange an abortion. She spoke to Bitker and Paschall at that number, and at others subsequently given her by them, and arranged, through them, an abortion. Defendant Wolke, who Bitker and Paschall called 'the doctor', performed abortion attempts upon her as a result of the telephone calls.

In the course of the trial, the people called the manager of the telephone company serving Grand Rapids. Reading from company records, he testified that calls were made from the telephones of Mrs. Vander Bos and Dr. Wellman to the numbers Mrs. Vander Bos had testified she called to speak with Bitker and Paschall. The defendants objected on the ground that the manager had not himself prepared the records and they were therefore hearsay. The court overruled the objection and held the records admissible under C.L.S.1961, § 600.2146 (Stat.Ann.1962 Rev. § 27A.2146), as records made in the usual course of business.

Later that same day, the court's attention was directed to People v. Lewis (1940), 294 Mich. 684, 293 N.W. 907, which held the statute relative to the admissibility of business records inapplicable to criminal cases. The court then reversed its prior ruling and instructed the jury to 'completely disregard' both the records and the testimony relative thereto. In its charge, the court twice instructed the jury to disregard stricken testimony, once in general terms and once with specific reference to the telephone company records.

A multitude of cases deal with objectionable evidence and instructions to disregard. The majority of these cases find the error cured or not cured, giving little rationale for the result reached. Those that do attempt to explain the result offer conflicting explanations to match their conflicting results. Those cases holding that instructions to disregard could not cure the error employ an 'ink-blot' analogy; those holding the error cured by the instructions rely instead on the 'dutiful jury' rule.

People v. Evans (1888), 72 Mich. 367, 40 N.W. 473, is an example of an ink- blot case. In holding that the prosecutor's comment on the defendant's failure to testify was not cured by the court's instruction to the jury to disregard the comment, the court quoted Quinn v. People (1888), 123 Ill. 333, 15 N.E. 46, to the effect that it is idle to talk of removing the effect of the argument from the minds of the jurors, for:

'As well might one attempt to brush off with the hand a stain of ink from a piece of white linen. One, in the very nature of things, is just as impossible as the other.' (72 mich. 367, 383, 40 N.W. 473, 479.)

Another case also involving improper comments by a prosecutor is People v. Kolowich (1933), 262 Mich. 137, 151, 247 N.W. 133, 138:

'It is true that the trial judge expressly instructed the jury to disregard the remarks, but the damage was done. An ink spot may be blotted out in part, but the stain still remains.'

In seemingly direct contrast are the dutiful jury cases. People v. Gregory (1902), 130 Mich. 522, 525, 90 N.W. 414, 415, involving stricken hearsay testimony, states:

'We cannot assume that the jury were so forgetful of their duty as to not disregard this testimony after it was stricken out.'

What began as an assumption soon grew to become a presumption in People v. Droste (1910), 160 Mich. 66, 77, 125 N.W. 87, 92:

'It must be presumed that the jury considers only the testimony permitted by the court to stand.'

This language was relied on in People v. Page (1917), 198 Mich. 524, 539, 165 N.W. 755, a case wherein the prosecutor managed to get in testimony that the defendant had admitted the commission of other offenses for which he had never been arrested. Other references to the presumption that jurors are mindful of their duties may be found in People v. Burnstein (1933), 261 Mich. 534, 538, 246 N.W. 217, and People v. Logie (1948), 321 Mich. 303, 308, 309, 32 N.W.2d 458.

Although seldom verbalized, the choice of which standard to apply seems to depend upon 2 factors. The primary factor is the degree of potential prejudice generated by the objectionable evidence. The more inherently prejudicial or inflammatory the evidence in question, the more likely will the ink-blot analogy be invoked. The other factor, of secondary importance, is the circumstances surrounding introduction....